Table 3 Clinic, demographic and laboratory data by diabetic retinopathy classification according to geographic region
From: Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi center study in Brazil
Variables | DR absent | Mild NPDR | Moderate NPDR | Sever NPDR | Proliferative DR | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of diabetes, years Mean (SD) | ||||||
Southeast | 14.2 ± 8.6* | 19.0 ± 9.6** | 22.3 ± 8.7 | 22.8 ± 7.8 | 25.7 ± 9.5 | 0.000 |
South | 14.1 ± 9.3## | 20.5 ± 9.5 | 19.8 ± 6.1 | 19.0 ± 0.0 | 25.7 ± 8.5 | |
North and Northeast | 10.7 ± 6.8+ | 15.9 ± 7.3 | 15.5 ± 9.0** | 15.3 ± 8.7 | 20.0 ± 7.9 | |
Midwest | 10.0 ± 6.6* | 17.3 ± 7.1** | 22.0 ± 6.8 | – | 23.6 ± 9.2 | |
Level of HbA1c (%) Mean (SD) | ||||||
Southeast | 8.7 ± 2.0*** | 9.3 ± 2.2 | 9.5 ± 2.6 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 0.012 |
South | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 2.1 | 10.0 ± 3.5 | 10.4 ± 0.0 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 0.388 |
North and Northeast | 9.0 ± 2.1### | 9.1 ± 2.3### | 11.1 ± 2.5 | 10.9 ± 3.6 | 9.5 ± 2.5 | 0.002 |
Midwest | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 9.0 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 1.5 | – | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 0.698 |
Level of education, years Mean (SD) | ||||||
Southeast | 12.1 ± 3.3 | 11.8 ± 3.9 | 12.1 ± 3.8 | 11.5 ± 1.9 | 11.9 ± 3.8 | 0.850 |
South | 12.3 ± 3.6 | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 10.5 ± 3.8 | 13.0 ± 0.0 | 11.7 ± 5.1 | 0.307 |
North and Northeast | 12.7 ± 3.9### | 11.7 ± 4.1 | 10.0 ± 3.7 | 13.3 ± 4.6 | 11.2 ± 4.0 | 0.003 |
Midwest | 13.1 ± 3.5 | 13.7 ± 5.3 | 12.3 ± 6.7 | – | 13.6 ± 4.7 | 0.736 |
BMI Mean (SD) | ||||||
Southeast | 24.0 ± 3.9# | 25.1 ± 4.9 | 26.3 ± 4.9 | 23.0 ± 6.3 | 26.3 ± 6.1 | 0.002 |
South | 23.9 ± 4.0++ | 26.0 ± 2.8 | 24.5 ± 4.2 | 24.9 ± 0.0 | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 0.006 |
North and Northeast | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 4.2 | 24.9 ± 4.1 | 22.8 ± 1.3 | 23.0 ± 3.8 | 0.075 |
Midwest | 23.1 ± 4.2** | 24.7 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 3.4 | – | 25.8 ± 4.5 | 0.010 |
Level of care, n (%) | ||||||
Southeast | ||||||
Secondary | 77 (70.6%) | 18 (16.5%) | 12 (11.0%)a | 2 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.000 |
Tertiary | 352 (62.5%) | 111 (19.7%) | 32 (5.7%) | 4 (0.7%) | 64 (11.4%)d | |
South | ||||||
Secondary | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Tertiary | 136 (57.1%) | 45 (18.9%) | 20 (8.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 36 (15.1%) | |
North and Northeast | 0.000 | |||||
Secondary | 254 (63.0%) | 69 (17.1%)c | 29 (7.2%) | 3 (0.7%) | 48 (11.9%)f | |
Tertiary | 175 (83.3%)e | 18 (8.6%) | 10 (4.8%) | 3 (1.4%) | 4 (1.9%) | |
Midwest | ||||||
Secondary | 74 (58.3%) | 29 (22.8%) | 7 (5.5%) | – | 17 (13.4%) | |
Tertiary | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0.0%) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | ||||||
Southeast | ||||||
Yes | 96 (62.7%) | 30 (19.6%) | 13 (8.5%) | 2 (1.3%) | 12 (7.8%) | 0.627 |
No | 333 (64.2%) | 98 (18.9%) | 31 (6.0%) | 4 (0.8%) | 53 (10.2%) | |
South | ||||||
Yes | 26 (44.8%) | 11 (18.9%) | 9 (15.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (20.7%) | 0.066 |
No | 110 (61.1%) | 34 (19.0%) | 11 (6.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 24 (13.3%) | |
North and Northeast | ||||||
Yes | 132 (74.6%) | 26 (14.7%) | 9 (5.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 9 (5.1%) | 0.278 |
No | 297 (68.3%) | 61 (14.0%) | 30 (6.9%) | 4 (0.9%) | 43 (9.9%) | |
Midwest | ||||||
Yes | 13 (50.0%) | 8 (30.8%) | 1 (3.8%) | – | 4 (15.4%) | 0.658 |
No | 61 (60.4%) | 21 (20.8%) | 6 (5.9%) | – | 13 (12.9%) | |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
Southeast | ||||||
Yes | 51 (50.0%) | 25 (24.5%) | 8 (7.8%) | 2 (2.0%) | 16 (15.7%)a | 0.048 |
No | 429 (66.1%)c | 119 (18.3%) | 41 (6.3%) | 4 (0.6%) | 56 (8.6%) | |
South | ||||||
Yes | 26 (45.6%) | 10 (17.5%) | 9 (15.8%)a | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (21.1%) | 0.049 |
No | 99 (61.5%)a | 31 (19.3%) | 9 (5.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 21 (13.0%) | |
North and Northeast | ||||||
Yes | 34 (68.0%) | 5 (10.0%) | 4 (8.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 6 (12.0%) | 0.425 |
No | 297 (70.4%) | 62 (14.7%) | 26 (6.2%) | 3 (0.7%) | 34 (8.1%) | |
Midwest | ||||||
Yes | 9 (47.4%) | 6 (31.6%) | 2 (10.5%) | – | 2 (10.5%) | 0.405 |
No | 110 (59.8. %) | 40 (21.7%) | 9 (4.9%) | – | 25 (13.6%) | |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | ||||||
Southeast | ||||||
Yes | 99 (52.1%) | 43 (22.6%) | 23 (12.1%)d | 2 (1.1%) | 23 (12.1%) | 0.000 |
No | 380 (68.0%)g | 100 (17.9%) | 26 (4.7%) | 4 (0.7%) | 49 (8.8%) | |
South | ||||||
Yes | 23 (46.9%) | 6 (12.2%) | 5 (10.2%) | 1 (2.0%) | 14 (28.6%)b | 0.009 |
No | 102 (60.4%) | 35 (20.7%) | 13 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (11.2%) | |
North and Northeast | ||||||
Yes | 32 (43.2%) | 16 (21.6%)a | 9 (12.2%)a | 2 (2.7%) | 15 (20.3%)g | 0.000 |
No | 297 (75.0%)e | 51 (12.9%) | 21 (5.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 25 (6.3%) | |
Midwest | ||||||
Yes | 17 (44.7%) | 10 (26.3%) | 3 (7.9%) | – | 8 (21.1%) | 0.176 |
No | 102 (61.8%) | 36 (21.8%) | 8 (4.8%) | – | 19 (11.5%) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | ||||||
Southeast | ||||||
Yes | 47 (33.6%) | 37 (26.4%)a | 22 (15.7%)i | 2 (1.4%) | 32 (22.9%)j | 0.000 |
No | 433 (70.9%)h | 107 (17.5%) | 27 (4.4%) | 4 (0.7%) | 40 (6.5%) | |
South | ||||||
Yes | 19 (33.3%) | 11 (19.3%) | 7 (12.3%) | 1 (1.8%) | 19 (33.3%)f | 0.000 |
No | 106 (65.8%)f | 30 (18.6%) | 11 (6.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (8.7%) | |
North and Northeast | ||||||
Yes | 16 (28.1%) | 17 (29.8%)d | 8 (14.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (28.1%)e | 0.000 |
No | 313 (75.8%)k | 50 (12.1%) | 22 (5.3%) | 4 (1.0%) | 24 (5.8%) | |
Midwest | ||||||
Yes | 9 (26.5%) | 10 (29.4%) | 4 (11.8%) | – | 11 (32.4%)d | 0.000 |
No | 110 (65.1%)f | 36 (21.3%) | 7 (4.1%) | – | 16 (9.5%) | |