From: Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi center study in Brazil
Variables | Southeast | South | North and Northeast | Midwest | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 31.0 ± 12.3 | 34.4 ± 12.8* | 26.8 ± 9.8** | 29.0 ± 11.7 | 0.000 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 17.0 ± 9.7*** | 17.6 ± 9.9*** | 12.6 ± 7.7 | 14.1 ± 8.7 | 0.000 |
Level of HbA1c (%) | 8.8 ± 2.0+ | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 9.3 ± 2.3 | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 0.003 |
Level of education, years | 12.0 ± 3.5 | 12.0 ± 4.0 | 12.2 ± 4.0 | 13.2 ± 4.3++ | 0.004 |
BMI | 24.5 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 23.5 ± 3.6** | 23.9 ± 4.4 | 0.000 |
Physical activity, n (%) | |||||
Yes | 163 (38.1%) | 60 (14%) | 179 (41.8%)# | 26 (6.1%) | 0.039 |
No | 577 (43.4%) | 193 (14.5%) | 457 (34.3%) | 104 (7.8%) | |
Smoking, n (%) | |||||
Yes | 97 (39.4%) | 66 (26.8%)## | 71 (28.9%) | 12 (4.9%) | 0.000 |
No | 644 (42.5%) | 187 (12.4%) | 565 (37.3%)a | 118 (7.8%) | |
Hypertension | |||||
Yes | 137 (18.5%) | 68 (26.9%)c | 78 (12.3%) | 23 (17.6%) | 0.000 |
No | 604 (81.5%) | 185 (73.1%) | 556 (87.7%)c | 108 (82.4%) | |
Hypercholesterolemia | |||||
Yes | 182 (24.7%)e | 60 (23.7%) | 100 (15.8%) | 24 (18.5%) | 0.001 |
No | 556 (75.3%) | 193 (76.3%) | 533 (84.2%)f | 106 (81.5%) | |
Economic status, n (%) | |||||
High | 14 (1.9%) | 7 (2.8%) | 23 (3.6%) | 8 (6.2%)### | 0.000 |
Medium | 380 (51.3%)b | 142 (56.1%)c | 188 (29.6%) | 63 (48.5%) | |
Low | 335 (45.2%) | 100 (39.5%) | 375 (59.1%)d | 58 (44.6%) | |
Very low | 12 (1.6%) | 4 (1.6%) | 49 (7.7%)d | 1 (0.8%) | |
Retinopathy stage | |||||
DR absent | 429 (63.9%) | 136 (57.1%) | 430 (70.1%)e | 74 (58.3%) | 0.015 |
Mild NPDR | 129 (19.2%) | 45 (18.9%) | 87 (14.2%) | 29 (22.8%) | |
Moderate NPDR | 44 (6.6%) | 20 (8.4%) | 39 (6.4%) | 7 (5.5%) | |
Sever NPDR | 5 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 5 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Proliferative DR | 64 (9.5%) | 36 (15.1%)a | 52 (8.5%) | 17 (13.4%) | |
DME | 17 (2.5%) | 3 (1.3%) | 10 (1.6%) | 9 (7.1%)f | 0.007 |