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Table 2 Clinic, demographic and laboratory data according to geographic regions

From: Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi center study in Brazil

Variables

Southeast

South

North and Northeast

Midwest

p value

Age, years

31.0 ± 12.3

34.4 ± 12.8*

26.8 ± 9.8**

29.0 ± 11.7

0.000

Duration of diabetes, years

17.0 ± 9.7***

17.6 ± 9.9***

12.6 ± 7.7

14.1 ± 8.7

0.000

Level of HbA1c (%)

8.8 ± 2.0+

9.1 ± 2.1

9.3 ± 2.3

9.2 ± 2.1

0.003

Level of education, years

12.0 ± 3.5

12.0 ± 4.0

12.2 ± 4.0

13.2 ± 4.3++

0.004

BMI

24.5 ± 4.4

24.6 ± 3.8

23.5 ± 3.6**

23.9 ± 4.4

0.000

Physical activity, n (%)

 Yes

163 (38.1%)

60 (14%)

179 (41.8%)#

26 (6.1%)

0.039

 No

577 (43.4%)

193 (14.5%)

457 (34.3%)

104 (7.8%)

 

Smoking, n (%)

 Yes

97 (39.4%)

66 (26.8%)##

71 (28.9%)

12 (4.9%)

0.000

 No

644 (42.5%)

187 (12.4%)

565 (37.3%)a

118 (7.8%)

 

Hypertension

 Yes

137 (18.5%)

68 (26.9%)c

78 (12.3%)

23 (17.6%)

0.000

 No

604 (81.5%)

185 (73.1%)

556 (87.7%)c

108 (82.4%)

 

Hypercholesterolemia

 Yes

182 (24.7%)e

60 (23.7%)

100 (15.8%)

24 (18.5%)

0.001

 No

556 (75.3%)

193 (76.3%)

533 (84.2%)f

106 (81.5%)

 

Economic status, n (%)

 High

14 (1.9%)

7 (2.8%)

23 (3.6%)

8 (6.2%)###

0.000

 Medium

380 (51.3%)b

142 (56.1%)c

188 (29.6%)

63 (48.5%)

 

 Low

335 (45.2%)

100 (39.5%)

375 (59.1%)d

58 (44.6%)

 

 Very low

12 (1.6%)

4 (1.6%)

49 (7.7%)d

1 (0.8%)

 

Retinopathy stage

 DR absent

429 (63.9%)

136 (57.1%)

430 (70.1%)e

74 (58.3%)

0.015

 Mild NPDR

129 (19.2%)

45 (18.9%)

87 (14.2%)

29 (22.8%)

 

 Moderate NPDR

44 (6.6%)

20 (8.4%)

39 (6.4%)

7 (5.5%)

 

 Sever NPDR

5 (0.7%)

1 (0.4%)

5 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

 

 Proliferative DR

64 (9.5%)

36 (15.1%)a

52 (8.5%)

17 (13.4%)

 

 DME

17 (2.5%)

3 (1.3%)

10 (1.6%)

9 (7.1%)f

0.007

  1. Data are presented as the mean (SD) and N (%)
  2. BMI body mass index, DR diabetic retinopathy, NPDR non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, DME diabetic macular edema
  3. * p < 0.001 vs every other region. ** p < 0.000 vs Southeast and South. *** p < 0.000 vs North and Northeast and Midwest. +p = 0.003 vs North and Northeast. ++p < 0.049 vs Southeast and North and Northeast
  4. #Standard Residual 2.8 ## Standard Residual 5.6 ### Standard Residual 2.3
  5. aStandard Residual 2.6, b Standard Residual 5.3, c Standard Residual 4.2, d Standard Residual > 6.1, e Standard Residual 3.4, f Standard Residual 3.9