Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
From: Antioxidant effects of vitamins in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Author, years | Country | Treatments | N (sample) | Duration (weeks) | Main outcome measures | Age (years) | Male (%) | Jadad score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aghamohammadi, 2011 [25] | Iran | Vitamin B9 5 mg/day Placebo | 70 | 8 | MDA; TAC; vitamin concentration | 58.7 ± 7.2 55.6 ± 9.3 | 100 | 3 |
Anderson, 2006 [26] | Wales | Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Placebo | 20 | 6 | TBARS | 52.7 ± 6.9 53.6 ± 7.9 | 40.0 | 2 |
Antoniades, 2004 [27] | Greece | Vitamin C 2000 mg/day Placebo | 17 | 4 | Vitamin concentration; TNF | 48.5 ± 6.6 52.6 ± 5.9 | 58.8 | 1 |
Ble-Castillo, 2005 [28] | United States | Vitamin E 800 IU/day Placebo | 33 | 6 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; MDA; GPx | 51.3 ± 14.0 55.3 ± 11.6 | 0 | 2 |
Chen, 2006 [29] | United States | Vitamin C 800 mg/day Placebo | 32 | 4 | Blood glucose; vitamin concentration | 50.0 ± 1.0 | 40.6 | 3 |
Dalan, 2016 [30] | Singapore | Vitamin D 4000 IU/day Vitamin D 2000 IU/day Placebo | 64 | 16 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; GSH | 52.2 ± 8.2 54.8 ± 10.8 | 51.6 | 5 |
Gariballa, 2013 [31] | Arab Emirates | Vitamin complex (B, C, E) Placebo | 100 | 12 | MDA; TNF; vitamin concentration | 52 (44–56) 51 (42–60) | 41.0 | 2 |
Haghighat, 2014 [32] | Iran | Vitamin E enriched canola oil 15 ml/day Placebo oil | 45 | 8 | CRP; NO | 55.9 ± 5.9 55.2 ± 5.6 | 26.7 | 2 |
Hejazi, 2015 [33] | Iran | Vitamin E 400 IU/day Placebo | 27 | 6 | Blood glucose; MDA | 48.0 ± 6.3 46.6 ± 7.6 | 26.0 | 3 |
Jamalan, 2015 [34] | Iran | Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Vitamin E 300 mg/day | 80 | 4 | Blood glucose; CRP; TNF | 52.0 ± 8.0 | 100 | 2 |
Jorde, 2009 [35] | Norway | Vitamin D 40,000 IU/week Placebo | 32 | 24 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration | 57.7 ± 9.7 54.8 ± 5.9 | 56.2 | 2 |
Lai, 2008 [36] | Japan | Chromium 1000 µg Vitamin E 800 IU + chromium Placebo | 30 | 24 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; CAT; TBARS; TAS; GPx | 53.2 ± 2.0 51.5 ± 1.7 50.5 ± 1.9 | 46.7 | 3 |
Lu, 2005 [37] | Sweden | Vitamin C 3000 mg/day Placebo | 20 | 2 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; IL-6 | – | 60.0 | 2 |
Mahmoudabadi, 2014 [38] | Iran | Eicosapentaenoic acid 500 mg/day Vitamin C 200 mg/day Vitamin C + eicosapentaenoic acid Placebo | 81 | 8 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration; SOD; MDA; TAC; GPx | 54.0 ± 5.0 53.0 ± 5.0 52.0 ± 6.0 50.0 ± 8.0 | 100 | 2 |
Manzella, 2001 [39] | Italy | Vitamin E 600 mg/day Placebo | 50 | 16 | HbA1c; TBARS | 64.3 ± 4.7 65.1 ± 3.9 | – | 3 |
Mason, 2016 [40] | Australia | Vitamin C 1,000 mg/day Placebo | 13 | 16 | Insulin; GSH; IL-6 | 59.4 ± 3.5 | 92.3 | 3 |
Mazloom, 2011 [41] | Iran | Vitamin C 1,000 mg/day Placebo | 27 | 6 | Plasma lipid parameters; MDA | 47.0 ± 8.9 46.6 ± 7.6 | 42.1 | 2 |
Mullan, 2002 [42] | United Kingdom | Vitamin C 500 mg/day Placebo | 30 | 4 | Plasma lipid parameters; LDL-ox | 61.0 ± 6.5 57.9 ± 6.6 | 73.4 | 3 |
Iran | Yogurt (150 mg calcium/250 mL) Vitamin D fortified (150 mg calcium + 500 IU/250 mL) Vitamin D fortified (250 mg of calcium + 500 IU/250 mL) *Two bottles/day = 500 mL/day | 90 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration; SOD; MDA | 50.8 ± 6.6 51.4 ± 5.4 49.9 ± 6.2 | 38.9 | 2 | |
Paolisso, 2000 [45] | Italy | Vitamin E 600 mg/day Placebo | 40 | 8 | TBARS; vitamin concentration | 58.3 ± 6.4 56.7 ± 5.3 | 52.5 | 3 |
Park, 2002 [46] | Korea | Vitamin E 200 mg/day Placebo | 98 | 8 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; CAT | 49.4 ± 9.3 49.5 ± 10.1 | 59.2 | 2 |
Reaven, 1995 [47] | United States | Vitamin E 1600 lU/day Placebo | 21 | 10 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; LDL-ox | 60.8 ± 6.1 61.8 ± 8.4 | 100 | 2 |
Shab-Bidar, 2015 [48] | Iran | Vitamin D fortified Yogurt 500 UI, 500 ml/day Yogurt | 100 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; MDA; TAC; GSH | 52.6 ± 6.3 52.4 ± 8.4 | 43.0 | 3 |
Sugden 2007 [49] | United Kingdom | Vitamin D 100,000 UI/day Placebo | 34 | 8 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; NO | 64.9 ± 10.3 63.5 ± 9.5 | 52.9 | 5 |
Tessier, 2009 [50] | Canada | Vitamin C 500 mg/day Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Placebo | 36 | 12 | Plasma lipid parameters; GSH | 72.0 ± 5.0 72.0 ± 4.0 71.0 ± 4.0 | 22.2 | 3 |
Vafa, 2015 [51] | Iran | Vitamin E enriched canola oil 15 ml/day Canola oil | 45 | 8 | Blood glucose; MDA; TAC | 55.9 ± 5.9 55.2 ± 5.6 | 73.3 | 4 |
Winterbone, 2007 [52] | United Kingdom | Vitamin E 1200 IU α-tocopherol/day Placebo | 19 | 4 | Blood glucose; insulin; vitamin concentration | 62.7 ± 1.8 61.9 ± 1.9 | 100 | 2 |
Witham, 2010 [53] | United Kingdom | Vitamin D3 100,000 IU/day Vitamin D3 200,000 IU/day Placebo | 41 | 16 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; GSH | 65.3 ± 11.1 63.3 ± 9.6 66.7 ± 9.7 | 67.2 | 3 |
Wu, 2007 [54] | Australia | Vitamin E α-tocopherol 500 mg/day Vitamin E mixed tocopherols 500 mg/day Placebo | 55 | 6 | SOD; GPx | 64.0 ± 7.0 58.0 ± 4.0 62.0 ± 7.0 | 74.5 | 2 |
Yiu, 2013 [55] | China | Vitamin D 500 IU/day Placebo | 100 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD | 65.8 ± 7.3 64.9 ± 8.9 | 50.0 | 4 |