| Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MF ≤ 2 (n = 784) | MF3 (n = 4387) | P | MF ≤ 2 (n = 1169) | MF3 (n = 6049) | P | |
Anthropometric parameters | ||||||
 Age (years) | 36.70 (0.45) | 48.35 (0.32) | < 0.0001 | 39.45 (0.48) | 49.76 (0.31) | < 0.0001 |
 WC (cm) | 84.88 (0.47) | 84.08 (0.19) | 0.1119 | 76.39 (0.41) | 78.73 (0.21) | < 0.0001 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 24.60 (0.17) | 23.94 (0.06) | 0.0003 | 22.97 (0.17) | 23.43 (0.07) | 0.0111 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 118.31 (0.65) | 120.49 (0.31) | 0.0018 | 111.39 (0.52) | 117.02 (0.35) | < 0.0001 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 78.93 (0.52) | 78.36 (0.25) | 0.3175 | 72.22 (0.34) | 73.51 (0.17) | 0.0004 |
 Economic status (income) |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  |  |
 Low (%) | 3.5 (0.59) | 15.0 (0.68) |  | 12.3 (1.19) | 29.9 (0.94) |  |
 Middle-low (%) | 6.5 (0.97) | 11.6 (0.61) |  | 9.9 (1.19) | 10.6 (0.52) |  |
 Middle-high (%) | 44.9 (2.15) | 38.8 (0.98) |  | 41.2 (1.99) | 31.9 (0.87) |  |
 High (%) | 45.1 (2.16) | 34.5 (1.04) |  | 36.6 (1.89) | 27.6 (0.99) |  |
 Highest education level |  |  | 0.0700 |  |  | 0.0074 |
 ≤ Elementary school (%) | 29.6 (2.25) | 24.7 (0.91) |  | 27.9 (1.77) | 26.1 (0.85) |  |
 Middle school (%) | 26.4 (1.90) | 26.0 (0.93) |  | 26.9 (1.65) | 24.3 (0.72) |  |
 High school (%) | 20.8 (1.81) | 25.6 (0.87) |  | 26.6 (1.84) | 25.2 (0.74) |  |
 ≥ College (%) | 23.2 (1.91) | 23.6 (0.90) |  | 18.7 (1.49) | 24.4 (0.84) |  |
 Alcohol intake, n (%) | 79.3 (1.74) | 72.7 (0.86) | 0.0006 | 50.5 (1.74) | 35.6 (0.87) | < 0.0001 |
 Current smoking, n (%) | 60.5 (2.03) | 37.6 (0.94) | < 0.0001 | 13.2 (1.44) | 3.2 (0.32) | < 0.0001 |
 Physical activity, n (%) | 9.1 (1.23) | 10.1 (0.61) | 0.4602 | 7.4 (0.91) | 8.7 (0.47) | 0.1608 |
Biochemical metabolic parameters | ||||||
 FPG (mg/dL) | 94.73 (0.63) | 99.93 (0.42) | < 0.0001 | 93.80 (0.76) | 95.71 (0.35) | 0.0220 |
 T-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.77 (1.62) | 186.98 (0.73) | 0.0318 | 186.39 (1.29) | 190.42 (0.59) | 0.0049 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 150.55 (5.67) | 154.03 (2.30) | 0.5660 | 107.63 (2.94) | 114.61 (1.30) | 0.0255 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.45 (0.46) | 49.47 (0.25) | 0.9670 | 56.94 (0.43) | 54.75 (0.22) | < 0.0001 |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.74 (2.30) | 113.96 (1.13) | 0.4896 | 109.79 (2.21) | 114.09 (1.12) | 0.0926 |
 HbA1C (%) | 5.62 (0.03) | 5.85 (0.02) | < 0.0001 | 5.60 (0.03) | 5.78 (0.02) | < 0.0001 |
 Insulin | 10.85 (0.38) | 10.23 (0.17) | 0.1340 | 10.51 (0.28) | 10.38 (0.14) | 0.6805 |
 HOMA-IR | 2.59 (0.12) | 2.56 (0.05) | 0.8071 | 2.47 (0.08) | 2.50 (0.05) | 0.7380 |
Nutrient intakes | ||||||
 Total energy (kcal) | 2306.73 (45.82) | 2519.23 (19.08) | < 0.0001 | 1569.86 (24.17) | 1782.80 (12.14) | < 0.0001 |
 Carbohydrate (g/day) | 321.21 (5.13) | 388.40 (2.58) | < 0.0001 | 246.92 (3.77) | 308.24 (1.99) | < 0.0001 |
 Protein (g/day) | 88.09 (2.53) | 91.76 (0.96) | 0.1662 | 57.52 (1.11) | 63.54 (0.62) | < 0.0001 |
 Fat (g/day) | 57.09 (1.81) | 52.22 (0.86) | 0.0154 | 37.66 (1.02) | 33.90 (0.48) | 0.0004 |