Table 1 Clinical, biochemical, and pathological profiles of NGT, IGM and DM groups

n

47

51

33

Age

38.9 ± 2.5

48.0 ± 2.1*

54.7 ± 2.4*

Sex (M/F)

33/14

28/23

12/21*

BMI (kg/m²)

29.7 ± 0.9

28.7 ± 0.7

28.4 ± 0.8

HbA1c (%)

5.08 ± 0.08

5.24 ± 0.06

6.46 ± 0.18*,**

G₀ (mmol/L)

5.13 ± 0.09

5.54 ± 0.08

7.02 ± 0.33*,**

G₁₂₀ (mmol/L)

6.90 ± 0.24

9.08 ± 0.21*

14.86 ± 0.66*,**

G_m (mmol/L)

7.95 ± 0.22

9.62 ± 0.17*

13.35 ± 0.48*,**

I₀ (pmol/L)

77.9 ± 7.9

74.3 ± 6.7

86.9 ± 11.9

I₁₂₀ (pmol/L)

541.8 ± 58.7

702.1 ± 68.3

681.8 ± 90.8

I_m (pmol/L)

534.1 ± 46.1

547.1 ± 53.7

411.2 ± 44.5

IGI (pmol/mmol)

124.4 (71.5, 191.6)

75.2* (39.9, 116.6)

29.7*,** (15.8, 54.8)

HOMA-β

144 (84, 206)

92 (62, 180)

72* (53, 115)

HOMA-R

2.43 (1.51, 3.70)

2.41 (1.55, 4.21)

3.66 (2.05, 5.52)

QUICKI

0.339 ± 0.005

0.336 ± 0.005

0.320 ± 0.006

Matsuda index

2.89 (2.08, 5.20)

2.74 (1.61, 4.49)

2.31 (1.46, 3.44)

DI_O (mmol/L⁻¹)

1.72 (1.33, 3.70)

1.15* (0.75, 1.79)

0.42*,** (0.23, 0.74)

 M1 n(%)

9 (19.1)

7 (13.7)

1 (3.0)

 M2 n(%)

19 (40.4)

9 (17.7)

10 (30.3)

 M3 n(%)

6 (12.8)

10 (19.6)

6 (18.2)

 M4 n(%)

13 (27.7)

25 (49.0)

16 (48.5)