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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and its components associated with tertiles of SAF (total population)

From: Skin autofluorescence, a non-invasive biomarker for advanced glycation end products, is associated with the metabolic syndrome and its individual components

Metabolic syndrome

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR

p value

OR

p value

OR

p value

SAF (continuous)

2.37 (2.27−2.48)

<0.0001

1.36 (1.28–1.44)

<0.0001

1.17 (1.08–1.26)

<0.0001

 Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Intermediate SAF

1.71 (1.62–1.81)

<0.0001

1.13 (1.06–1.21) 

<0.0001

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

0.031

 High SAF

2.61 (2.48–2.75)

<0.0001

1.38 (1.29–1.48)

<0.0001

1.24 (1.13–1.37)

<0.0001

Elevated blood pressure

 SAF (continuous)

3.03 (2.92–3.14)

<0.0001

1.25 (1.20–1.31)

<0.0001

1.21 (1.14–1.29)

<0.0001

  Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Intermediate SAF

1.71 (1.65–1.77)

<0.0001

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

0.005

1.04 (0.98–1.11)

0.220

  High SAF

2.93 (2.82–3.03)

<0.0001

1.18 (1.12–1.24)

<0.0001

1.16 (1.08–1.24) 

<0.0001

Impaired fasting glucose

 SAF (continuous)

2.59 (2.47–2.72)

<0.0001

1.17 (1.10–1.25) 

<0.0001

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

0.049

  Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Intermediate SAF

1.90 (1.78–2.03)

<0.0001

1.09 (1.01–1.17)

0.026

1.08 (0.97–1.20)

0.185

  High SAF

3.16 (2.97–3.37)

<0.0001

1.34 (1.24–1.45) 

<0.0001

1.27 (1.14–1.42)

<0.0001

Low HDL cholesterol

 SAF (continuous)

1.08 (1.03–1.12)

0.001

1.46 (1.39–1.54)

<0.0001

1.27 (1.19–1.36)

<0.0001

  Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Intermediate SAF

0.96 (0.92–1.01)

0.082

1.08 (1.02–1.13)

0.004

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

0.663

  High SAF

1.01 (0.96–1.05)

0.786

1.27 (1.20–1.34)

<0.0001

1.13 (1.04–1.22)

0.003

Elevated triglycerides

 SAF (continuous)

1.78 (1.70–1.85)

<0.0001

1.29 (1.22–1.37)

<0.0001

1.08 (1.00–1.16)

0.029

  Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Intermediate SAF

1.49 (1.41–1.57)

<0.0001

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

<0.0001

1.04 (0.95–1.13)

0.426

  High SAF

1.89 (1.80–1.98)

<0.0001

1.34 (1.25–1.42)

<0.0001

1.17 (1.07–1.28)

0.001

Enlarged waist circumference

 SAF (continuous)

1.89 (1.82–1.95) 

<0.0001

1.31 (1.23–1.39)

<0.0001

1.32 (1.21–1.44)

<0.0001

  Low SAF

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Intermediate SAF

1.45 (1.40–1.50)

<0.0001

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

0.001

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

0.004

  High SAF

1.93 (1.86–2.00) 

<0.0001

1.26 (1.18–1.35)

<0.0001

1.32 (1.20–1.46)

<0.0001

  1. Data are presented as odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per arbitrary unit (AU). SAF groups were based on tertiles of age-adjusted SAF Z-scores. Model 1 = unadjusted; model 2 = adjusted for age, gender, BMI; model 3 = adjusted for age, gender, BMI, HbA1c, creatinine clearance, current smoking, pack-years, MI and CVA
  2. Significant associations are shown in italic
  3. BMI body mass index, CVA cerebrovascular accident, HDL high density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, OR odds ratio, SAF skin autofluorescence