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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population stratified by MetS status and gender

From: Skin autofluorescence, a non-invasive biomarker for advanced glycation end products, is associated with the metabolic syndrome and its individual components

Characteristic

Men (n = 32,601)

Women (n = 46,070)

MetS

Without MetS

MetS

Without MetS

n (%)

6220 (19)

26,381 (81)

5367 (12)

40,703 (88)

Age (years)

49 ± 11*

44 ± 13

50 ± 12*

44 ± 12

Body mass index (kg/m2)

29.8 ± 3.6*

25.5 ± 3.1

30.6 ± 5.1*

25.1 ± 4.1

Waist circumference (cm)

106 ± 9*

93 ± 9

100 ± 11*

85 ± 11

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

141 ± 14*

129 ± 14

138 ± 16*

121 ± 15

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82 ± 9*

76 ± 9

79 ± 9*

72 ± 9

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.4 ± 1.1*

5.1 ± 1.0

5.4 ± 1.1*

5.0 ± 1.0

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.04 ± 0.23*

1.37 ± 0.30

1.24 ± 0.30*

1.65 ± 0.38

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.56 ± 0.93*

3.35 ± 0.89

3.57 ± 0.95*

3.05 ± 0.88

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.03 (1.60–2.73)*

1.04 (0.77–1.40)

1.72 (1.18–2.14)*

0.83 (0.64–1.11)

Creatinine clearance (mL/min)a

137 ± 36*

124 ± 28

125 ± 39*

111 ± 29

Creatinine clearance (mL/min)b

130 ± 18*

128 ± 16

135 ± 21

134 ± 18

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.45 ± 0.55*

4.98 ± 0.43

5.33 ± 0.61*

4.75 ± 0.42

HbA1c (%)

5.7 ± 0.3*

5.5 ± 0.3

5.7 ± 0.4*

5.5 ± 0.3

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

38.5 ± 3.8

36.7 ± 3.2

39.3 ± 3.9

36.5 ± 3.2

Statin use, n (%)

783 (13)*

1260 (5)

554 (10)*

1029 (3)

TG-lowering medication, n (%)

44 (1)*

9 (0.01)

16 (0.3)*

3 (0.01)

BP-lowering medication, n (%)

1445 (23)*

2008 (8)

1919 (36)*

3099 (8)

MI, n (%)

214 (3.5)*

289 (1.1)

56 (1.0)*

94 (0.2)

CVA, n (%)

70 (1.1)*

188 (0.7)

66 (1.2)*

203 (0.5)

Coffee consumption (cups per day)

4.7 (2.8–5.6)*

3.7 (2.8–5.6)

3.3 (1.9–4.7)*

2.8 (1.3–4.7)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Non-smokers

2117 (34)*

12,259 (47)

2203 (41)*

19,836 (49)

 Ex-smokers

2425 (39)

8271 (32)

1899 (36)

12,847 (32)

 Current smokers

1629 (27)

5677 (21)

1228 (23)

7698 (19)

Pack-years

 Ex-smokers

12.8 (6.5–21.9)*

8.2 (3.8–15.0)

7.8 (3.5–15.3)*

5.2 (2.2–10.4)

 Current-smokers

18.0 (10.7–27.0)*

12.9 (6.4–21.5)

16.9 (9.6–26.3)*

11.2 (5.4–18.8)

SAF (AU)

2.07 ± 0.44*

1.94 ± 0.43

2.07 ± 0.45*

1.86 ± 0.42

SAF Z-score

0.21 ± 0.02*

0.04 ± 0.01

0.19 ± 0.02*

−0.10 ± 0.01

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) and number (%)
  2. AU arbitrary units, BP blood pressure, CVA cerebrovascular accident, GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, MetS metabolic syndrome, Mi myocardial infarction, SAF skin autofluorescence, TG triglycerides
  3. * p value <0.001
  4. aCreatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault formula), b Creatinine clearance (CKD EPI)
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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