Table 1 Summary of MSC-based therapies for type 2 diabetes
From: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus
No | Stem cell type | Randomized placebo-control study | Mean dose of injected cells/kg | Mode of injection | Follow-up period | Assessment of beta-cell function | Assessment of insulin sensitivity | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | MNCs | – | – | Intrapancreatic | 12 month | Fasting C-peptide |  | Estrada et al. [69] |
2. | BM-MNCs | – | 3.1 × 106 | Intra-pancreatic | 6 months | Fasting C-peptide, glucagon stimulated c-peptide, HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | Bhansali et al. [70] |
3. | BM-MNCs | Yes | 3.2 × 108 | Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | Fasting C-peptide, glucagon stimulated c-peptide, HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | Bhansali et al. [71] |
4. | UC-MSCs | – | 1 × 106 | IV + intrapancreatic on day 5 | 12 months | Fasting C-peptide and HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | Liu et al. [72] |
4. | BM-MNCs | Yes | 2.8 × 109 | Intra-pancreatic | 33 months | Mixed meal tolerance test |  | Hu et al. [73] |
6. | MNCs | – | (5–7) × 108 | IV or pancreatic arterial infusion | 6 months | Fasting C-peptide, glucagon stimulated c-peptide, HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | Sood et al. [75] |
7. | PD-MSCs | – | 1.35 × 106 | IV | 6 months | Fasting C-peptide | Fasting insulin | Jiang et al. [77] |
8. | MSCs | – | 1.8 × 106 | IV | 6 months | Fasting C-peptide |  | Kong et al. [78] |
9. | BM-MSCs | – | (0.3–2.0) × 106 | IV | 24 months | Fasting C-peptide | Fasting insulin | Skyler et al. [83] |
10. | BM-MNCs | Yes | 3.8 × 109 | Pancreatic arterial infusion | 12 months | Fasting C-peptide and OGTT | HOMA-IR | Wu et al. [85] |
11. | BM-MNCs | – | 3.76 × 108 | Pancreatic arterial infusion | 720 days | Mixed meal tolerance test |  | Wang et al. [86] |
12. | CB-SC | – | – | IV | 12 months | Fasting C-peptide and HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | Zhao et al. [87] |
13. | BM-MSCs and MNCs | Yes | MSCs: 1 × 106/kg; MNCs:109 in total | Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | Fasting C-peptide, glucagon stimulated c-peptide, HOMA- β, hyperglycemic clamp | HOMA-IR, HOMA-S and insulin sensitivity index during hyperglycemic clamp | Bhansali et al. [88] |