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Table 2 Biomarkers of proximal tubule dysfunction, podocyte damage, and of target genes of podocyte-associated molecules

From: Urinary podocyte-associated mRNA levels correlate with proximal tubule dysfunction in early diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Parameter

Group 1 (healthy controls)

Group 2 (normoalbuminuria)

Group 3 (microalbuminuria)

Group 4 (macroalbuminuria)

p*

p**

p***

p

Alpha1/creat (mg/g)

2.79 (2.62; 3.30)

3.78 (3.56; 4.58)

6.91 (6.35; 7.88)

50.51 (29.87; 65)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

Nephrin/creat (mg/g)

0.08 (0.037; 0.091)

0.11 (0.1; 0.15)

0.8 (0.39; 1.08)

5.92 (3.8; 8)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

Podocytes

0 (0; 0)

0 (0; 0)

0 (0;7)

6 (4; 10)

0.001

<0.0001

0.01

0.0001

VEGF/creat (ng/g)

34.3 (23.5; 43,85)

68.3 (55.4; 80)

145.4 (111.2; 202.7)

730 (554.97; 1120)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

KIM-1/creat (ng/g)

42.27 (35.75; 47.94)

70.32 (59.5; 82.6)

125.33 (107.87; 137.66)

687.9 (408.06; 853.52)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

Urinary AGE (pg/ml)

31.3 (30.84; 32.71)

35.78 (34.27; 38.71)

76.43 (63; 108.2)

731.31 (536.63; 796.12)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

Plasma AGE (pg/ml)

284.45 (269.1; 339.6)

730.53 (673.88; 852.55)

438.14 (358.76; 504.28)

4718.16 (3838.66; 5745.25)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

NFκB

0.1 (0.09; 0.14)

0.36 (0.28; 0.42)

0.5 (0.48; 0.53)

0.7 (0.67; 0.72)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

GLEPP-1

0.1 (0.08; 0.12)

0.35 (0.28; 0.4)

0.5 (0.45; 0.52)

0.67 (0.63; 0.7)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

CD2AP

0.15 (0.12; 0.175)

0.4 (0.32; 0.45)

0.52 (0.49; 0.55)

0.61 (0.6; 0.7)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

NPHS1

0.125 (0.11; 0145)

0.3 (0.24; 0.32)

0.45 (0.35; 0.5)

0.65 (0.55; 0.7)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

ADAM 10

0.13 (0.095; 0.155)

0.35 (0.32; 0.36)

0.57 (0.42; 0.6)

0.67 (0.65; 0.75)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

NPHS 2

0.1 (0.06; 0.14)

0.25 (0.2; 0.3)

0.42 (0.35; 0.5)

0.65 (0.62; 0.7)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

Alpha actinin-4

0.145 (0.1; 0.16)

0.22 (0.19; 027)

6.93 (6.37; 8.9)

0.68 (0.63; 0.78)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0001

  1. Alpha1/creat: urinary alpha1-microglobulin:creatinine ratio; Nephrin/creat urinary nephrin:creatinine ratio; VEGF/creat urinary vascular endothelial growth factor:creatinine ratio; KIM-1/creat: urinary kidney injury molecule-1:creatinine ratio; AGE: advanced glycation end-products; NPHS1-nephrin, NPHS2-podocin, CD2AP-CD2-associated protein; GLEPP 1-glomerular epithelial protein 1, NFB-nuclear factor κB; Clinical and biological data are presented as medians and IQR, as for variables with skewed distribution; podocytes-expressed as mean ± SD; p*: group 2 vs. group 3; p**: group 2 vs. group 4; p***: group 3 vs. group 4; p: group 1 vs. group 2 vs. group 3 vs. group 4