Table 3 Socio-economic, behavioural and clinical correlates of patients with diabetes, STEPS survey, Punjab, India, 2014–15

Age group (years)

 18–24

Ref

 25–44

1.5

(0.6–3.8)

0.425

 45–69

4.7

(1.8–12.4)

0.001

Gender

 Male

–

–

–

 Female

–

–

–

Residence

 Rural

Ref

 Urban

1.1

(0.8–1.6)

0.4

Social group

 SC

Ref

 Other backward caste

1.3

(0.8–2.1)

0.3

 General

1.1

(0.8–1.6)

0.6

Educational status

 Illiterate

Ref

 Up to primary education

1.3

(0.8–1.9)

0.2

 Up to secondary education

1.0

(0.6–1.5)

0.9

 Higher education

1.0

(0.6–2.0)

0.9

Marital status

 Never married

Ref

 Currently married

2.9

(1.0–8.1)

0.04

 Separated/divorced/widowed

3.3

(1.2–10.0)

0.03

Current smoking

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Current alcohol use^a

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Hypertension^b

 Yes

2.0

(1.4–2.8)

0.001

 No

Ref

≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily^c

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Obesity (Asian cut off)^d

 Yes

1.6

(1.2–2.0)

0.03

 No

Ref

Family history of diabetes

 Yes

1.4

(1.2–1.7)

0.005

 No

Ref

Family history of raised cholesterol

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Family history of high blood pressure

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Abdominal obesity^e

 Yes

1.5

(1.1–2.1)

0.01

 No

Ref

Hypertriglyceridemia^f

 Yes

0.8

(0.6–1.1)

0.2

 No

Ref

Physical activity^g

 Above minimal recommended

Ref

 Below minimal recommended

1.8

1.5–2.1

0.01