Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects
Variables | Total n = 1322 | Without MS n = 737 (55.7%) | With MS n = 585 (44.3%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.5 ± 12.4 | 51.5 ± 12.7 | 56.1 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
Sex, men (%) | 803 (60.7) | 430 (58.3) | 373 (63.8) | 0.045 |
Smoking (%) | 645 (48.8) | 335 (45.5) | 310 (53.0) | 0.006 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.4 | 23.0 ± 2.9 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 87.1 ± 9.7 | 82.8 ± 8.6 | 92.6 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 128.0 ± 16.3 | 123.1 ± 14.1 | 134.1 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.8 ± 11.3 | 75.2 ± 10.7 | 78.8 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
CKD stage (%) | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Stage 1 | 153 (11.6) | 107 (14.5) | 46 (7.9) |  |
 Stage 2 | 243 (18.4) | 151 (20.5) | 92 (15.7) |  |
 Stage 3 | 511 (38.7) | 285 (38.7) | 226 (38.6) |  |
 Stage 4 | 312 (23.6) | 149 (20.2) | 163 (27.9) |  |
 Stage 5 | 103 (7.8) | 45 (6.1) | 58 (9.9) |  |
Cause of CKD (%) | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Glomerulonephritis | 420 (31.8) | 278 (37.7) | 142 (24.3) |  |
 Diabetes mellitus | 295 (22.3) | 87 (11.8) | 208 (35.6) |  |
 Hypertension | 273 (20.7) | 132 (17.9) | 141 (24.1) |  |
 PKD | 239 (18.1) | 181 (24.6) | 58 (9.9) |  |
Laboratory findings | ||||
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.8 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.303 |
 Albumin (g/dL) | 4.19 ± 0.40 | 4.22 ± 0.37 | 4.15 ± 0.43 | 0.002 |
 Glucose (mg/dL) | 107.6 ± 36.0 | 98.7 ± 23.2 | 118.7 ± 45.0 | <0.001 |
 Uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.12 ± 1.99 | 6.85 ± 1.94 | 7.47 ± 1.99 | <0.001 |
 Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.96 ± 0.45 | 8.95 ± 0.43 | 8.96 ± 0.47 | 0.766 |
 Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.70 ± 0.66 | 3.65 ± 0.61 | 3.78 ± 0.71 | <0.001 |
 Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173.8 ± 37.5 | 172.6 ± 35.4 | 175.4 ± 39.9 | 0.191 |
 TG (mg/dL) | 154.3 ± 96.2 | 113.8 ± 57.8 | 205.3 ± 109.7 | <0.001 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.6 ± 15.8 | 55.2 ± 15.4 | 42.7 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.6 ± 30.7 | 96.5 ± 29.4 | 96.8 ± 32.2 | 0.889 |
 hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.07 (0.02–0.25) | 0.05 (0.02–0.18) | 0.12 (0.04–0.34) | <0.001 |
 UACR (mg/g Cr) | 273 (65–793) | 208 (45–533) | 398 (113–1557) | <0.001 |
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 49.3 ± 29.8 | 53.7 ± 30.9 | 43.8 ± 27.3 | <0.001 |
 Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 10.7 (6.2–17.8) | 12.5 (7.1–19.6) | 8.6 (5.3–14.9) | <0.001 |
  Male | 9.1 (5.2–15.4) | 10.5 (5.9–17.1) | 7.7 (4.7–13.4) | <0.001 |
  Female | 13.1 (8.1–21.1) | 14.4 (9.6–22.5) | 10.8 (7.0–17.9) | <0.001 |
  DM | 10.5 (5.8–19.1) | 13.4 (7.6–23.2) | 8.0 (5.2–12.4) | 0.001 |
  Non-DM | 10.8 (6.3–17.5) | 12.4 (7.0–19.0) | 9.7 (5.4–17.3) | <0.001 |
Co-morbidity, n (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 1215 (91.9) | 651 (92.1) | 564 (97.2) | <0.001 |
 DM | 425 (32.1) | 125 (17.0) | 300 (51.3) | <0.001 |
 CVD | 114 (8.6) | 53 (7.2) | 61 (10.4) | 0.037 |
 CAD | 99 (7.5) | 35 (4.7) | 64 (10.9) | <0.001 |
 PAD | 24 (1.8) | 9 (1.2) | 15 (2.6) | 0.069 |
 CHF | 11 (0.8) | 4 (0.5) | 7 (1.2) | 0.194 |
 Arrhythmia | 29 (2.2) | 16 (2.2) | 13 (2.2) | 0.950 |
Medication, n (%) | ||||
 ACEi | 166 (12.6) | 93 (12.6) | 73 (12.5) | 0.939 |
 ARB | 1046 (79.1) | 562 (76.3) | 484 (82.7) | 0.004 |
 Diuretics | 432 (32.7) | 171 (23.2) | 261 (44.6) | <0.001 |
 Beta blocker | 368 (27.8) | 142 (19.3) | 226 (38.6) | <0.001 |
 Statin | 649 (49.1) | 321 (43.6) | 328 (56.1) | <0.001 |
 Ezetimibe | 95 (7.2) | 42 (5.7) | 53 (9.1) | 0.019 |
 Fibrate | 31 (2.3) | 7 (0.9) | 24 (4.1) | <0.001 |