Screening for coeliac disease in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: myths, facts and controversy

Table 3 Clinical consequences of coeliac disease (CD) in adult Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patients as compared to T1DM without CD

Clinical consequence	T1DM + CD	Patients on GFD	References
HbA1c	Hba1c in screen detected CD patients is lower (Kaukinen, Bakker), higher (Leeds)	NA	[50]
		NA	[51]
		NA	[59]
	No difference in HbA1c during follow up	Yes	[51]
	No difference in HbA1c during follow up	Yes	[54]
	No increased risk for hospital admission due to hypoglycaemia, keto-acidosis or coma	Unknown	[52]
Cholesterol + triglycerides	Lower in screen detected CD patients	NA	[59]
Cholesterol + triglycerides	Lower in screen detected CD patients	NA	[54]
Nephropathy	Higher prevalence of nephropathy	Unknown	[65]
Nephropathy	Higher prevalence of nephropathy	Unknown	[64]
Retinopathy	<10 years of CD results in less retinopathy, more than 10 years leads to more retinopathy	Unknown	[60]
Retinopathy		Yes	[51]
Bone mineral density	Lower BMD at diagnosis	NA	[71]
Quality of life	Decrease, particularly in women, both social functioning and general health perception are affected	Yes	[75]
Depression	Increased risk	Unknown	[77]
Refractory Coeliac disease	?		?
Enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma	?		?
Mortality	A diagnosis of CD for >15 years increases the risk of death in patients with T1D	Unknown	[82]