Gender, female (n, %)
|
223 (37.2)
|
177 (42.8)
|
0.077
|
857 (29.3)
|
710 (34.2)
|
0.001
|
Age, years (mean, SD) (n, %)
|
66.0 (5.0)
|
66.1 (5.6)
|
0.783
|
64.6 (7.5)
|
64.3 (7.7)
|
0.166
|
50–59
|
10 (1.7)
|
8 (1.9)
| |
798 (27.3)
|
589 (28.4)
| |
60–69
|
454 (75.8)
|
310 (74.9)
| |
1364 (46.7)
|
971 (46.8)
| |
70–79
|
127 (21.2)
|
84 (20.3)
|
0.355
|
694 (23.8)
|
451 (21.7)
|
0.240
|
80–89
|
8 (1.3)
|
12 (2.9)
| |
65 (2.2)
|
62 (3.0)
| |
90–99
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
1 (0.0)
|
1 (0.0)
| |
Diabetes duration, years (mean, SD)
|
11.2 (6.8)
|
13.2 (7.9)
|
<0.001
|
11.7 (7.6)
|
13.5 (8.8)
|
<0.001
|
Race (n, %)
| |
Asian
|
3 (0.5)
|
9 (2.2)
| |
25 (0.9)
|
37 (1.8)
| |
Black
|
2 (0.3)
|
101 (24.4)
|
<0.001
|
14 (0.5)
|
366 (17.6)
|
<0.001
|
White
|
592 (98.8)
|
295 (71.3)
| |
2871 (98.3)
|
1622 (78.2)
| |
Other
|
2 (0.3)
|
9 (2.2)
| |
12 (0.4)
|
49 (2.4)
| |
Body weight, kg (mean, SD)
|
94.0 (18.1)
|
98.9 (23.4)
|
<0.001
|
93.6 (18.6)
|
101.1 (21.8)
|
<0.001
|
BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) (n, %)
|
33.0 (5.6)
|
34.4 (6.9)
|
<0.001
|
32.7 (5.8)
|
34.6 (6.8)
|
<0.001
|
18–25
|
25 (4.2)
|
24 (5.8)
| |
181 (6.2)
|
96 (4.6)
| |
25–30
|
176 (29.4)
|
91 (22.0)
| |
843 (28.9)
|
438 (21.1)
| |
30–35
|
216 (36.1)
|
125 (30.2)
|
<0.001
|
1024 (35.0)
|
686 (33.1)
|
<0.001
|
35–40
|
113 (18.9)
|
91 (22.0)
| |
554 (19.0)
|
478 (23.0)
| |
>40
|
69 (11.5)
|
83 (20.0)
| |
316 (10.8)
|
375 (18.1)
| |
Waist circumference, cm (mean, SD)
|
112.2 (15.5)
|
114.1 (18.4)
|
0.072
|
111.2 (15.3)
|
114.5 (17.0)
|
<0.001
|
HbA1c, % (mean, SD)
|
8.4 (1.3)
|
8.9 (1.6)
|
<0.001
|
8.3 (1.3)
|
8.8 (1.5)
|
<0.001
|
HbA1c at target (n, %)
| |
≤7.5 %
|
186 (31.1)
|
68 (16.4)
|
<0.001
|
880 (30.1)
|
481 (23.2)
|
<0.001
|
≤7 %
|
49 (8.2)
|
18 (4.3)
|
0.016
|
264 (9.0)
|
157 (7.6)
|
0.066
|
SBP, mmHg (mean, SD)
|
144.1 (17.5)
|
135.5 (17.1)
|
<0.001
|
140.0 (18.4)
|
133.3 (18.5)
|
<0.001
|
DBP, mmHg (mean, SD)
|
81.0 (9.7)
|
76.0 (9.5)
|
<0.001
|
78.5 (10.2)
|
74.7 (10.5)
|
<0.001
|
BP at target (n, %) (Europe < 140/80 and USA 130/80 mmHg)
|
146 (24.4)
|
134 (32.4)
|
0.005
|
974 (33.3)
|
800 (38.6)
|
<0.001
|
LDL, mmol/L (mean, SD)
|
2.5 (0.9)
|
2.3 (0.9)
|
<0.001
|
2.3 (0.9)
|
2.2 (0.9)
|
0.113
|
At target (n, %)
|
319 (53.3)
|
273 (65.9)
|
<0.001
|
1934 (66.2)
|
757 (36.5)
|
<0.001
|
HDL, mmol/L (mean, SD)
|
1.3 (0.3)
|
1.2 (0.4)
|
0.104
|
1.2 (0.3)
|
1.2 (0.3)
|
0.008
|
Triglyceride, mmol/L (mean, SD)
|
2.0 (1.3)
|
2.0 (2.0)
|
0.749
|
2.1 (1.8)
|
2.0 (1.5)
|
0.038
|
Creatinine, μmol/L (mean, SD)
|
71.6 (14.6)
|
73.1 (15.6)
|
0.106
|
85.4 (31.2)
|
94.7 (38.2)
|
<0.001
|
ACR, mg/mmol (mean, SD)
|
10.6 (30.5)
|
14.8 (50.5)
|
0.135
|
16.4 (57.3)
|
26.5 (82.0)
|
<0.001
|
eGFR (mean, SD)
|
90.0 (24.0)
|
90.3 (20.5)
|
0.847
|
81.3 (26.8)
|
74.8 (27.1)
|
<0.001
|
Renal function, eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (n, %)
| |
Normal (≥ 90)
|
268 (44.7)
|
181 (43.7)
| |
1079 (36.9)
|
591 (28.5)
| |
Mild decline (60–90)
|
331 (55.3)
|
233 (56.3)
|
0.748
|
1191 (40.8)
|
809 (39.0)
|
<0.001
|
Moderate decline (30–60)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
605 (20.7)
|
625 (30.1)
| |
Severe decline (< 30)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
47 (1.6)
|
49 (2.4)
| |
Micro-albuminuria (n, %)
|
246 (41.1)
|
233 (56.3)
|
<0.001
|
347 (11.9)
|
248 (12.0)
|
0.930
|
Macro-albuminuria (n, %)
|
31 (5.2)
|
65 (15.7)
|
<0.001
|
77 (2.6)
|
66 (3.2)
|
0.253
|
Myocardial infarction (n, %)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
567 (19.4)
|
321 (15.5)
|
<0.001
|
Stroke (n, %)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
434 (14.9)
|
289 (13.9)
|
0.363
|
Angina pectoris (n, %)
|
0 (0)
|
5 (0.8)
|
0.062
|
1114 (38.1)
|
617 (29.7)
|
<0.001
|
Arrhythmia (n, %)
|
57 (9.5)
|
45 (10.9)
|
0.482
|
479 (16.4)
|
394 (19.0)
|
0.017
|
Left ventricle dysfunction (n, %)
|
188 (31.4)
|
56 (13.5)
|
<0.001
|
702 (24.0)
|
379 (18.3)
|
<0.001
|
Smoking (n, %)
|
Current
|
83 (13.9)
|
57 (13.8)
| |
407 (13.9)
|
278 (13.4)
| |
Never
|
248 (41.4)
|
187 (45.2)
|
0.455
|
946 (32.4)
|
754 (36.4)
|
0.013
|
Previous
|
268 (44.7)
|
170 (41.1)
| |
1569 (53.7)
|
1042 (50.2)
| |
Pre-trial treatment (n, %)
| |
None/diet
|
16 (2.7)
|
41 (9.9)
| |
102 (3.5)
|
226 (10.9)
| |
Insulin only
|
19 (3.2)
|
22 (5.3)
|
<0.001
|
200 (6.8)
|
210 (10.1)
|
<0.001
|
OADs only
|
380 (63.4)
|
213 (51.4)
| |
1624 (55.6)
|
973 (46.9)
| |
Insulin + OADs
|
184 (30.7)
|
138 (33.3)
| |
996 (34.1)
|
665 (32.1)
| |
Number of oral blood glucose-lowering drugs (n, %)
| |
No OAD
|
219 (36.6)
|
201 (48.6)
| |
1298 (44.4)
|
1101 (53.1)
| |
1 OAD
|
155 (25.9)
|
83 (20.0)
|
0.424
|
707 (24.2)
|
428 (20.6)
|
0.013
|
2 OADs
|
199 (33.2)
|
109 (26.3)
| |
826 (28.3)
|
463 (22.3)
| |
>2 OADs
|
26 (4.3)
|
21 (5.1)
| |
91 (3.1)
|
82 (4.0)
| |
BP-lowering medication (n, %)
|
517 (86.3)
|
360 (87.0)
|
0.767
|
2729 (93.4)
|
1930 (93.1)
|
0.639
|
Number of antihypertensive medications (n, %)
| |
0
|
82 (13.7)
|
54 (13.0)
| |
193 (6.6)
|
144 (6.9)
| |
1
|
225 (37.6)
|
182 (44.0)
|
0.018
|
731 (25.0)
|
607 (29.3)
|
0.001
|
2
|
172 (28.7)
|
126 (30.4)
| |
1315 (45.0)
|
920 (44.4)
| |
3
|
93 (15.5)
|
44 (10.6)
| |
533 (18.2)
|
324 (15.6)
| |
4
|
27 (4.5)
|
8 (1.9)
| |
150 (5.1)
|
79 (3.8)
| |
Statin (n, %)
|
362 (60.4)
|
298 (72.0)
|
<0.001
|
2369 (81.1)
|
1704 (82.2)
|
0.330
|
Other lipid-lowering drugs (n, %)
|
2 (0.3)
|
11 (2.7)
|
0.001
|
39 (1.3)
|
44 (2.1)
|
0.032
|
Aspirin (n, %)
|
192 (32.1)
|
198 (47.8)
|
<0.001
|
1934 (66.2)
|
1441 (69.5)
|
0.014
|