Table 1 Baseline differences between Europe and US patients, stratified by history of prior CVD
No prior CVD group (n = 1013) | Prior CVD group (n = 4996) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe (n = 599) | USA (n = 414) | P value | Europe (n = 2922) | USA (n = 2074) | P value | |
Gender, female (n, %) | 223 (37.2) | 177 (42.8) | 0.077 | 857 (29.3) | 710 (34.2) | 0.001 |
Age, years (mean, SD) (n, %) | 66.0 (5.0) | 66.1 (5.6) | 0.783 | 64.6 (7.5) | 64.3 (7.7) | 0.166 |
50–59 | 10 (1.7) | 8 (1.9) | 798 (27.3) | 589 (28.4) | ||
60–69 | 454 (75.8) | 310 (74.9) | 1364 (46.7) | 971 (46.8) | ||
70–79 | 127 (21.2) | 84 (20.3) | 0.355 | 694 (23.8) | 451 (21.7) | 0.240 |
80–89 | 8 (1.3) | 12 (2.9) | 65 (2.2) | 62 (3.0) | ||
90–99 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | ||
Diabetes duration, years (mean, SD) | 11.2 (6.8) | 13.2 (7.9) | <0.001 | 11.7 (7.6) | 13.5 (8.8) | <0.001 |
Race (n, %) | ||||||
Asian | 3 (0.5) | 9 (2.2) | 25 (0.9) | 37 (1.8) | ||
Black | 2 (0.3) | 101 (24.4) | <0.001 | 14 (0.5) | 366 (17.6) | <0.001 |
White | 592 (98.8) | 295 (71.3) | 2871 (98.3) | 1622 (78.2) | ||
Other | 2 (0.3) | 9 (2.2) | 12 (0.4) | 49 (2.4) | ||
Body weight, kg (mean, SD) | 94.0 (18.1) | 98.9 (23.4) | <0.001 | 93.6 (18.6) | 101.1 (21.8) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) (n, %) | 33.0 (5.6) | 34.4 (6.9) | <0.001 | 32.7 (5.8) | 34.6 (6.8) | <0.001 |
18–25 | 25 (4.2) | 24 (5.8) | 181 (6.2) | 96 (4.6) | ||
25–30 | 176 (29.4) | 91 (22.0) | 843 (28.9) | 438 (21.1) | ||
30–35 | 216 (36.1) | 125 (30.2) | <0.001 | 1024 (35.0) | 686 (33.1) | <0.001 |
35–40 | 113 (18.9) | 91 (22.0) | 554 (19.0) | 478 (23.0) | ||
>40 | 69 (11.5) | 83 (20.0) | 316 (10.8) | 375 (18.1) | ||
Waist circumference, cm (mean, SD) | 112.2 (15.5) | 114.1 (18.4) | 0.072 | 111.2 (15.3) | 114.5 (17.0) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % (mean, SD) | 8.4 (1.3) | 8.9 (1.6) | <0.001 | 8.3 (1.3) | 8.8 (1.5) | <0.001 |
HbA1c at target (n, %) | ||||||
≤7.5 % | 186 (31.1) | 68 (16.4) | <0.001 | 880 (30.1) | 481 (23.2) | <0.001 |
≤7 % | 49 (8.2) | 18 (4.3) | 0.016 | 264 (9.0) | 157 (7.6) | 0.066 |
SBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 144.1 (17.5) | 135.5 (17.1) | <0.001 | 140.0 (18.4) | 133.3 (18.5) | <0.001 |
DBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 81.0 (9.7) | 76.0 (9.5) | <0.001 | 78.5 (10.2) | 74.7 (10.5) | <0.001 |
BP at target (n, %) (Europe < 140/80 and USA 130/80 mmHg) | 146 (24.4) | 134 (32.4) | 0.005 | 974 (33.3) | 800 (38.6) | <0.001 |
LDL, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) | <0.001 | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.113 |
At target (n, %) | 319 (53.3) | 273 (65.9) | <0.001 | 1934 (66.2) | 757 (36.5) | <0.001 |
HDL, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.104 | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.008 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.0 (2.0) | 0.749 | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.5) | 0.038 |
Creatinine, μmol/L (mean, SD) | 71.6 (14.6) | 73.1 (15.6) | 0.106 | 85.4 (31.2) | 94.7 (38.2) | <0.001 |
ACR, mg/mmol (mean, SD) | 10.6 (30.5) | 14.8 (50.5) | 0.135 | 16.4 (57.3) | 26.5 (82.0) | <0.001 |
eGFR (mean, SD) | 90.0 (24.0) | 90.3 (20.5) | 0.847 | 81.3 (26.8) | 74.8 (27.1) | <0.001 |
Renal function, eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (n, %) | ||||||
Normal (≥ 90) | 268 (44.7) | 181 (43.7) | 1079 (36.9) | 591 (28.5) | ||
Mild decline (60–90) | 331 (55.3) | 233 (56.3) | 0.748 | 1191 (40.8) | 809 (39.0) | <0.001 |
Moderate decline (30–60) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 605 (20.7) | 625 (30.1) | ||
Severe decline (< 30) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 47 (1.6) | 49 (2.4) | ||
Micro-albuminuria (n, %) | 246 (41.1) | 233 (56.3) | <0.001 | 347 (11.9) | 248 (12.0) | 0.930 |
Macro-albuminuria (n, %) | 31 (5.2) | 65 (15.7) | <0.001 | 77 (2.6) | 66 (3.2) | 0.253 |
Myocardial infarction (n, %) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 567 (19.4) | 321 (15.5) | <0.001 | |
Stroke (n, %) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 434 (14.9) | 289 (13.9) | 0.363 | |
Angina pectoris (n, %) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.8) | 0.062 | 1114 (38.1) | 617 (29.7) | <0.001 |
Arrhythmia (n, %) | 57 (9.5) | 45 (10.9) | 0.482 | 479 (16.4) | 394 (19.0) | 0.017 |
Left ventricle dysfunction (n, %) | 188 (31.4) | 56 (13.5) | <0.001 | 702 (24.0) | 379 (18.3) | <0.001 |
Smoking (n, %) | ||||||
Current | 83 (13.9) | 57 (13.8) | 407 (13.9) | 278 (13.4) | ||
Never | 248 (41.4) | 187 (45.2) | 0.455 | 946 (32.4) | 754 (36.4) | 0.013 |
Previous | 268 (44.7) | 170 (41.1) | 1569 (53.7) | 1042 (50.2) | ||
Pre-trial treatment (n, %) | ||||||
None/diet | 16 (2.7) | 41 (9.9) | 102 (3.5) | 226 (10.9) | ||
Insulin only | 19 (3.2) | 22 (5.3) | <0.001 | 200 (6.8) | 210 (10.1) | <0.001 |
OADs only | 380 (63.4) | 213 (51.4) | 1624 (55.6) | 973 (46.9) | ||
Insulin + OADs | 184 (30.7) | 138 (33.3) | 996 (34.1) | 665 (32.1) | ||
Number of oral blood glucose-lowering drugs (n, %) | ||||||
No OAD | 219 (36.6) | 201 (48.6) | 1298 (44.4) | 1101 (53.1) | ||
1 OAD | 155 (25.9) | 83 (20.0) | 0.424 | 707 (24.2) | 428 (20.6) | 0.013 |
2 OADs | 199 (33.2) | 109 (26.3) | 826 (28.3) | 463 (22.3) | ||
>2 OADs | 26 (4.3) | 21 (5.1) | 91 (3.1) | 82 (4.0) | ||
BP-lowering medication (n, %) | 517 (86.3) | 360 (87.0) | 0.767 | 2729 (93.4) | 1930 (93.1) | 0.639 |
Number of antihypertensive medications (n, %) | ||||||
0 | 82 (13.7) | 54 (13.0) | 193 (6.6) | 144 (6.9) | ||
1 | 225 (37.6) | 182 (44.0) | 0.018 | 731 (25.0) | 607 (29.3) | 0.001 |
2 | 172 (28.7) | 126 (30.4) | 1315 (45.0) | 920 (44.4) | ||
3 | 93 (15.5) | 44 (10.6) | 533 (18.2) | 324 (15.6) | ||
4 | 27 (4.5) | 8 (1.9) | 150 (5.1) | 79 (3.8) | ||
Statin (n, %) | 362 (60.4) | 298 (72.0) | <0.001 | 2369 (81.1) | 1704 (82.2) | 0.330 |
Other lipid-lowering drugs (n, %) | 2 (0.3) | 11 (2.7) | 0.001 | 39 (1.3) | 44 (2.1) | 0.032 |
Aspirin (n, %) | 192 (32.1) | 198 (47.8) | <0.001 | 1934 (66.2) | 1441 (69.5) | 0.014 |