Effect of Cichorium intybus L. on the expression of hepatic NF-κB and IKKβ and serum TNF-α in STZ− and STZ+ niacinamide-induced diabetes in rats

Table 1 Body weight and fasting blood sugar levels upon L-T2D and E-T2D induction and after a 21-day treatment with chicory, metformin and aspirin

Parameter	Non-diabetic (control)		ET2D			LT2D
Parameter	Control	CSE-control	NIA/STZ	CSE- NIA/STZ	Met-NIA/STZ	STZ	CSE-STZ	Met-STZ	Asp-STZ
Weight (g ± SD)
Time zero	185.1 ± 4.3	192.8 ± 2.5	241.2 ± 22.1	236.8 ± 30.0	264.3 ± 23.5	248.1 ± 16.7^aa	240.4 ± 35.1	260.7 ± 10.4	256.8 ± 17.2
Diabetes induction, start of treatment (day 10)	192.1 ± 9.2	194.6 ± 6.6	226.8 ± 23.1	248.6 ± 21.1	252.5 ± 26.4	239.1 ± 8.4^aaa	232.0 ± 32.5	226.3 ± 16.6^***	238.6 ± 26.3
End of 21 day treatment time (day 31)	232.1 ± 20.8^††,§§	217.8 ± 12.6^††,§	229.4 ± 15.8	258.3 ± 14.3^§	258.5 ± 19.1	222.8 ± 16.3^§	215.4 ± 32.6^§	231.3 ± 13.3^†††	234.8 ± 18.8^††
FBS (mg/dl ± SD)
Time zero	119.5 ± 5.7	111.8 ± 7.5	95.2 ± 6.3^aa	99.0 ± 5.8^aa	98.8 ± 9.2^a	99.3 ± 12.3	108.2 ± 8.4	97.4 ± 5.1^aa	98.5 ± 3.9^aa
Diabetes induction, start of treatment (day 10)	111.3 ± 7.3^**	107.0 ± 11.6	202.2 ± 8.3^aaa,***	153.0 ± 12.61^bb,***	222.4 ± 9.7^aaa,***	401.5 ± 32.6^aaa,***	346.8 ± 19.5^aaa***	341.0 ± 16.5^aaa***	307.8 ± 7.4^aaa,c,***
End of 21 day treatment time (day 31)	107.8 ± 11.1^†	103.5 ± 6.1	305.4 ± 88.4^††	82.3 ± 10.2^{b,††,§§§}	307.4 ± 156.7^†	398.6 ± 25.5^{bbb,†††}	365.4 ± 44.5^†††	371.0 ± 67.9^†††	454.8 ± 72.1^{†††,§§}

*, †, and § indicate, respectively, statistically significant differences between time zero vs. day 10; time zero vs. day 31; and day 10 vs. day 31 (single, p < 0.05; double, p < 0.01; triple, p < 0.001). Weights on day 0 for Met-NIA/STZ, STZ, CSE-STZ, and Asp-STZ were significantly higher than control and CSE-control (p < 0.01); for Met-STZ vs. Control and CSE-control, p < 0.001. FBS levels on day 10 in all diabetic groups were significantly higher than Control and CSE-control (p < 0.001)
^aSignificant differences between any column vs. Control. ^bSignificant difference between NIA/STZ vs. CSE-NIA/STZ. ^cSignificant difference between Asp-STZ vs. STZ (single letters indicate p < 0.05; double letters p < 0.01; and triple letter p < 0.001)

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