From: The role of progranulin in diabetes and kidney disease
Characteristic/reference | Xu et al. [75] | Richter et al. [74] | Schlatzer et al. [76] |
---|---|---|---|
Patients | 84 patients with T2DM and 12 health persons | 532 patients with stages 1–5 of CKD | 74 patients with T1DM |
PGRN material | Serum | Serum | Urine |
Design | Cross-sectional study | Cross-sectional study | Longitudinal study Baseline: urine collection, PGRN dosage 3 and 6-year visit: assessment of MA and ERFD |
Results regarding PGRN | PGRN serum levels are increased in T2DM patients with macroalbuminuria Positive correlation between serum PGRN and urinary albumin excretion rate Negative correlation between PGRN and eGFR | PGRN serum levels are different between groups of CKD stages ↑ PGRN levels at stage 5 of CKD CKD stage or eGFR are independently associated with PGRN serum levels | Lowest PGRN levels in patients who maintained normal renal function and normoalbuminuria (n = 35) Nonsignificant increase in patients with either ERFD (n = 15) or MA (n = 16) Significant increase in patients with both ERFD and MA (n = 8) Urinary PGRN was significantly predictive of ERFD and MA in patients with T1DM |
Conclusion | PGRN might be considered as a marker for diabetic microangiopathy and its severity | Renal function assessed as eGFR is a strong, independent predictor of serum PGRN PGRN serum levels significantly increase with deteriorating renal function assessed as CKD stage | A panel of 4 proteins (PGRN, Tamms-Horsfall glycoprotein, clusterin and human α-1 acid glycoprotein) could be used to predict early signs of DKD |