| 2009 | 2013 | Paired difference | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical parameters (mean ± SD) |  | |||
 BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6 ± 3.9 | 25.3 ± 3.9 | −0.3 ± 1.8 (n = 71,224) | <0.001* |
 Waist–hip ratio | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.2 (n = 47,714) | <0.001* |
 HbA1c,  % | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 1.3 (n = 113,066) | <0.001* |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 136.9 ± 16.9 | 131.3 ± 15.0 | −5.6 ± 19.8 (n = 126,863) | <0.001* |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.4 ± 10.2 | 72.1 ± 10.0 | −3.3 ± 11.0 (n = 126,863) | <0.001* |
 LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | −0.7 ± 0.9 (n = 72,040) | <0.001* |
 Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | −0.3 ± 1.0 (n = 73,631) | <0.001* |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | −0.7 ± 1.0 (n = 74,574) | <0.001* |
 HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (n = 73,406) | <0.001* |
 TC/HDL-C ratio | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | −0.9 ± 1.2 (n = 73,294) | <0.001* |
 Urine ACR, mg/mmol | 4.7 ± 18.6 | 7.9 ± 35.1 | 3.2 ± 33.1 (n = 28,250) | <0.001* |