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Table 2 Cardiometabolic profiles according to classification of normal weight, overweight and obese defined by either BMI, WHtR or both

From: Assessing cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged adults using body mass index and waist–height ratio: are two indices better than one? A cross-sectional study

Feature

Normal weight by both (N = 479)

Overweight by either (N = 263)

Overweight by both (N = 363)

P valuea

Obese by either (N = 264)

Obese by both (N = 487)

P valueb

Malec

122 (25.5)

105 (39.9)

231 (63.6)

<0.001

136 (51.5)

291 (59.8)

0.03

Aged

58 (54, 62)

58 (54, 65)

59 (54, 63)

0.885

59 (54, 64)

60 (55, 64)

0.15

Weight (kg)e

63.1 ± 8.1

71.9 ± 8.0

79.6 ± 9.2

<0.001

81.8 ± 9.5

94.6 ± 12.6

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)e

23.3 ± 1.8

26.2 ± 1.5

27.9 ± 1.0

<0.001

29.7 ± 1.9

33.8 ± 3.6

<0.001

WC (cm)e

76.6 ± 7.2

85.7 ± 6.7

93.0 ± 5.7

<0.001

95.1 ± 7.2

105.7 ± 8.5

<0.001

WHtRe

0.46 ± 0.03

0.52 ± 0.03

0.55 ± 0.02

<0.001

0.57 ± 0.03

0.63 ± 0.05

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)e

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

1.1 (0.8, 1.5)

1.3 (0.9, 1.7)

0.005

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

0.034

High triglyceridese

36 (7.6)

43 (16.7)

93 (26.6)

0.031

71 (27.7)

166 (35.8)

0.06

HDL-C (mmol/l)e

1.7 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.3

<0.001

1.4 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

Low HDL-Ce

31 (6.7)

23 (8.8)

46 (12.9)

0.038

39 (15.1)

123 (26.3)

0.001

Dyslipidaemiae

7 (1.5)

8 (3.1)

21 (5.9)

0.059

24 (9.3)

58 (12.3)

0.253

Systolic BP (mmHg)e

124.2 ± 17.5

126.4 ± 16.2

129.4 ± 14.7

0.027

132.5 ± 16.4

133.4 ± 15.8

0.52

Diastolic BP (mmHg)e

77.1 ± 9.6

78.8 ± 9.4

80.5 ± 8.8

0.003

82.2 ± 9.3

82.5 ± 9.8

0.61

High BPe

195 (40.7)

134 (51.0)

213 (58.8)

0.069

175 (66.3)

384 (79.2)

<0.001

Glucose (mmol/l)e

4.7 (4.5, 5.0)

4.8 (4.6, 5.1)

4.9 (4.7, 5.3)

0.038

4.9 (4.7, 5.2)

5.1 (4.8, 5.5)

<0.001

Insulin (µU/ml)e

5.1 (3.7, 7.5)

6.2 (4.3, 9.2)

8.8 (6.0, 12.1)

<0.001

10.2 (6.8, 14.3)

14.0 (9.0, 20.2)

<0.001

HOMA-IRe

1.1 (0.8, 1.6)

1.4 (0.9, 2.0)

2.0 (1.3, 2.7)

<0.001

2.2 (1.5, 3.2)

3.2 (2.0, 4.6)

<0.001

Insulin resistancee

20 (4.4)

20 (7.8)

72 (20.5)

<0.001

79 (31.1)

254 (54.5)

<0.001

≥3 metabolic featurese

8 (1.7)

13 (4.9)

35 (9.6)

0.024

39 (14.8)

147 (30.2)

<0.001

HbA1c (%)e

5.6 (5.4, 5.8)

5.7 (5.5, 5.9)

5.7 (5.4, 5.8)

0.54

5.7 (5.5, 5.8)

5.8 (5.6, 6.0)

0.002

Pre-diabetese

22 (4.7)

8 (3.1)

31 (8.7)

0.018

21 (8.1)

80 (16.8)

0.002

C3 (mg/dl)e

124.0 ± 23.1

130.2 ± 20.4

134.7 ± 23.0

<0.001

139.2 ± 23.2

145.7 ± 22.9

<0.001

High C3e

56 (12.1)

42 (16.2)

77 (21.8)

0.013

76 (29.1)

200 (42.6)

<0.001

CRP (ng/ml)e

1.0 (0.8, 1.5)

1.3 (1.0, 2.0)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

0.976

1.5 (1.1, 2.5)

1.8 (1.2, 3.2)

<0.001

High CRPe

60 (12.9)

52 (20.1)

67 (18.9)

0.891

78 (30.1)

194 (41.4)

<0.001

IL-6 (pg/ml)e

1.3 (1.0, 2.1)

1.4 (1.1, 2.4)

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

0.317

1.9 (1.3, 2.9)

2.3 (1.6, 3.5)

0.001

High IL-6e

82 (17.6)

49 (18.9)

70 (19.7)

0.99

73 (28.3)

177 (37.7)

0.01

TNF-α (pg/ml)e

5.5 (4.6, 6.7)

5.8 (4.6, 6.9)

5.9 (4.9, 7.2)

0.521

5.8 (5.0, 7.3)

6.4 (5.3, 7.0)

0.067

High TNF-αe

87 (18.7)

50 (19.4)

89 (25.1)

0.276

68 (26.4)

157 (33.4)

0.047

Adiponectin (ng/ml)e

7.0 (4.7, 10.3)

5.9 (3.8, 9.0)

4.2 (2.7, 6.3)

<0.001

4.8 (2.9, 6.7)

3.8 (2.5, 5.5)

0.023

Low adiponectine

48 (10.3)

43 (16.6)

117 (33.0)

0.007

70 (27.0)

175 (37.2)

0.032

Leptin (ng/ml)e

1.3 (0.7, 2.0)

1.6 (1.0, 2.4)

1.7 (0.9, 2.7)

0.001

2.3 (1.3, 4.0)

3.2 (1.9, 5.2)

<0.001

High leptine

30 (6.5)

39 (15.1)

56 (15.8)

0.009

87 (33.6)

239 (50.9)

<0.001

Resistin (ng/ml)e

4.9 (3.8, 6.4)

4.8 (3.8, 6.7)

4.9 (3.7, 6.4)

0.946

4.9 (4.0, 6.8)

5.3 (4.0, 7.0)

0.274

High resistine

100 (21.5)

66 (25.5)

79 (22.3)

0.452

72 (27.9)

135 (28.7)

0.611

PAI-1 (ng/ml)e

23.8 ± 10.2

25.5 ± 10.9

28.1 ± 12.0

0.033

29.3 ± 15.6

29.2 ± 12.1

0.761

High PA1-1e

69 (14.8)

52 (20.2)

103 (29.0)

0.046

71 (27.5)

156 (33.2)

0.161

WBC (109/l)e

5.5 ± 1.7

5.8 ± 3.0

5.9 ± 1.6

0.92

6.1 ± 1.6

6.2 ± 1.4

0.345

High WBCe

84 (17.9)

56 (22.0)

88 (24.6)

0.832

74 (28.7)

149 (31.9)

0.418

  1. Mean and ±standard deviation are shown for continuous variables. Age, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, adiponectin, leptin and resistin are shown as a median (interquartile range). % (in brackets) for dichotomous variables will vary as some variables have missing values
  2. aP value for difference: overweight by either compared to overweight by both
  3. bP value for difference: obese by either compared to obese by both
  4. c x 2 for difference
  5. dMann Whitney U for difference
  6. eP value for difference adjusted for gender. Overweight subjects classified as obese by either index were assigned to the higher category
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

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