The effectiveness of German disease management programs (DMPs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: results from an observational longitudinal study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in 2006 and 2011 according to their enrolment into DMPs and according to guideline care

	n	%	%	%	p-value	%	%	p-value	n	%	%	%	p-value	%	%	p-value
Sex
Women	64	20.5	49	15	0.900	37	23	0.953	44	21.0	37	7	0.190	20	18	0.226
Men	248	79.5	188	60	0.900	149	91	0.953	166	79.1	124	42	0.190	100	58	0.226
Education
Low (<9 years of school)	221	77.8	177	44	0.025	133	80	0.596	152	77.6	116	36	0.895	91	51	0.666
High (≥9 years of school)	63	22.2	42	21	0.025	41	21	0.596	44	22.5	34	10	0.895	26	17	0.666
Smoking
Never	92	29.9	66	26	0.459	55	31	0.851	70	33.8	52	18	0.846	39	25	0.552
Ex-smoker	179	58.1	138	41		105	69		117	56.5	90	27		67	43
Current smoker	37	12.0	30	7		23	14		20	9.7	16	4		14	5
Weight status
Normal (20 ≤ BMI < 25)	37	12.2	26	11	0.484	20	16	0.461	30	14.9	18	12	0.092	11	16	0.041
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30)	146	48.0	115	31		91	47		91	45.1	71	20		59	28
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	121	39.8	90	31		72	46		81	40.1	64	17		47	30
Diabetes treatment
No medication	59	19.7	41	18	0.418	35	21	0.995	56	27.3	41	15	0.617	33	21	0.955
Oral medication only	140	46.7	108	32		86	51		96	46.8	74	22		56	35
Insulin therapy	101	33.7	79	22		59	36		53	25.9	43	10		30	17
Guideline care^a
No	114	38.0	76	38	0.001	–	–	–	76	38.8	59	17	0.876	–	–	–
Yes	186	62.0	154	32	0.001	–	–	–	120	61.2	92	28	0.876	–	–	–

DMP disease management program, CHD coronary heart disease, DM diabetes mellitus
^aCounseling on two out of the three lifestyle topics (smoking, diet, exercise) and intake of a platelet aggregation inhibitor and a statin and either renin–angiotensin inhibitors or a beta blocker

ISSN: 1758-5996