Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to subtypes of obesity

N (%)

980 (100.0)

406 (41.4)

241 (24.6)

80 (8.2)

253 (25.8)

–

Age (years)

49.9 ± 10.8

49.8 ± 11.1

47.3 ± 10.7

55.2 ± 10.2

50.7 ± 9.9

<0.001

Current smoking (%)

36.1

36.2

37.2

28.2

37.2

0.378

Heavy drinking (%)

28.1

26.1

31.5

28.6

27.9

0.542

Low physical activity (%)

59.1

57.1

56.1

70.0

61.8

0.273

Diabetes mellitus (%)

11.6

7.2

4.2

31.3

19.4

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

24.5

13.8

16.3

43.8

43.1

<0.001

Dyslipidemia (%)

4.0

2.2

4.2

3.8

6.7

0.041

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)^a

95 (88–105)

91 (85–98)

92 (87–98)

105 (100–139)

104 (94–119)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

199 (174–223)

199 (176–223)

201 (176–226)

194 (178–221)

205 (172–231)

0.767

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a

130 (92–184)

102 (75–140)

113 (90–146)

183 (141–235)

177 (135–242)

<0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)^a

43 (37–47)

47 (42–55)

44 (40–49)

37 (34–42)

37 (34–44)

<0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

122.8 ± 32.1

123.1 ± 30.6

124.8 ± 32.8

121.2 ± 36.7

121.2 ± 32.3

0.613

HOMA-IR index^a

0.84 (0.46–1.75)

0.51 (0.42–1.05)

0.86 (0.47–1.55)

1.29 (0.63–2.14)

1.59 (0.82–2.69)

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

92.3 ± 16.1

94.5 ± 14.3

91.7 ± 17.2

89.3 ± 17.4

90.2 ± 16.9

0.002

SBP (mmHg)

127.0 ± 12.8

123.2 ± 12.9

124.7 ± 12.4

134.0 ± 10.6

131.6 ± 11.5

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

77.4 ± 9.5

75.1 ± 9.3

75.5 ± 9.5

81.9 ± 8.6

80.5 ± 9.0

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

88.0 ± 7.4

82.2 ± 5.1

91.2 ± 4.4

85.8 ± 4.1

95.1 ± 5.7

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 2.9

22.6 ± 1.7

26.8 ± 1.7

23.5 ± 1.1

27.9 ± 2.2

<0.001

Mean CIMT (mm)^a

0.75 (0.65–0.88)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)

0.77 (0.67–0.91)

0.80 (0.70–0.90)

<0.001

Carotid plaque (%)

28.1

26.6

22.4

33.8

34.0

0.019

Carotid atherosclerosis (%)

38.7

36.0

33.2

46.3

45.8

0.008