Feasibility and efficacy of diabetic retinopathy screening among youth with diabetes in a pediatric endocrinology clinic: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of participants by recency of dilated eye examination

	Total (N = 236)	Eye exam ≤ 12 months (N = 156)	Eye exam > 12 months (N = 47)	Never (N = 33)	P-value
Demographics
Age, years, mean (standard deviation, SD)	14.1 (2.69)	14.1 (2.58)	14.9 (2.7)	12.8 (2.8)	0.142
Minimum - maximum	8.0-18.9	8.0-18.9	9.4-18.9	8.3-18.4
Gender, N (%)
Male	101 (42.8)	68 (43.6)	22 (46.8)	11 (33.3)	0.459
Female	135 (57.2)	88 (56.4)	25 (53.2)	22 (66.7)
Race, N (%)
White, non-Hispanic origin	158 (67.0)	109 (69.9)	25 (59.6)	21 (63.6)	0.225
African American	70 (29.7)	43 (27.6)	17 (36.2)	10 (30.3)
Hispanic	5 (2.1)	3 (1.9)	0 (0)	2 (6.1)
Native American	2 (0.9)	1 (0.6)	1 (2.1)	0 (0)
Asian	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	0 (0)
Clinical characteristics
Type, n (%)					0.824
Type 1	202 (85.6)	135 (86.6)	39 (83.0)	28 (84.8)
Type 2	34 (14.4)	21 (13.5)	8 (17.0)	5 (16.0)
Age at diabetes diagnosis, years, mean (SD)	8.6 (3.9)	8.2 (4.0)	9.6 (4.0)	9.2 (3.5)	0.053
Duration of diabetes diagnosis, years, mean (SD)	5.5 (3.5)	5.9 (3.4)	5.4 (4.0)	3.6 (2.5)	0.001
Laboratory characteristics
HbA1c high for age^a, n (%)	169 (71.6)	115 (73.7)	32 (68.1)	22 (66.7)	0.599
Cholesterol^b, n (%)
>75th percentile	86 (34.4)	51 (32.7)	26 (55.3)	9 (27.3)	0.009
LDL^b, n (%)
>75th percentile	53 (22.5)	33 (21.2)	16 (34.0)	4 (12.1)	0.055
HDL^b, n (%)
>75th percentile	191 (80.9)	122 (78.2)	44 (93.6)	25 (75.8)	0.046
Triglycerides^b, n (%)
>75th percentile	133 (56.4)	85 (54.5)	33 (70.2)	15 (45.5)	0.064
Urine Albumin^c n (%)					0.963
Normal (<30 mg/L)	213 (90.3)	141 (90.4)	42 (89.4)	30 (90.9)
Microalbuminuria (30–299 mg/L)	22 (9.3)	14 ( 9.0)	5 (10.6)	3 (9.1)
Macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/L)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)

^aHbA1c is high if ≥ 8.5 % (69 mmol/mol) for < 6 years of age; ≥ 8.0 % (64 mmol/mol) for 6 – 12 years of age; ≥ 7.5 % (58 mmol/mol) for 13 – 19 years of age [2]
^bPercentile categories are based from Gender and Age specific norms [19]
^cUrine albumin was reported in mg/L; normal was < 30 mg/L, microalbuminuria was defined as ≥ 30 and < 300 mg/L, and macroalbuminuria was defined as ≥ 300 mg/L [20]

ISSN: 1758-5996