Table 1 Co-morbid depression (BDI score ≥ 14) and demographic, clinical, and behavior characteristics by depression groups

n(%)

412

270(65.53)

142(34.47)

Demographic factors

Men

207(50.24)

134(49.63)

73(51.41)

(χ² = 0.12;P = 0.73)

Female

205 (49.76)

136(66.3)

69(33.7)

Age (years)

  <40

26(6.31)

9(3.33)

17(11.97)

(χ² = 21.51; P = 0.00)

  40–59

165(40.05)

126(46.67)

39(27.46)

  ≥60

221(53.64)

135(50.00)

86(60.56)

High school or less

218(52.91)

133(49.26)

85(59.86)

(χ² = 4.20; P = 0.04)

Being ingle

123(29.85)

48(17.78)

75(52.82)

(χ² = 54.55; P = 0.00)

Employment status

  Employed

138(33.50)

94(34.81)

44(30.99)

(χ² = 6.09; P = 0.048)

  Unemployed

18(4.37)

7(2.59)

11(7.75)

  Retired

256(62.14)

169(62.59)

87(61.27)

Insurance

  GIS

130(31.55)

99(36.67)

31(21.83)

(χ² = 22.88; P = 0.00)

  UEMI

112(27.18)

68(25.19)

44(30.99)

  URMI

102(24.76)

60(22.22)

42(29.58)

  NCMS

17(4.13)

16(5.93)

1(0.70)

  Other insurance

19(4.61)

7(2.59)

12(8.45)

  None insurance

32(7.77)

20(7.41)

12(8.45)

Social support

31.35 ± 5.50

33.45 ± 4.53

27.35 ± 4.94

(t = 12.60; P = 0.00)

Clinical factors

HbA1c level

  <7.00 %

209(50.73)

152(56.30)

57(40.14)

(χ² = 9.72; P = 0.002)

  ≥7.00 %

203(49.27)

118(43.70)

85(59.86)

BMI(kg/m²)

  <25

215(52.18)

142(52.59)

73(51.41)

(χ² = 0.05; P = 0.0819)

  ≥25

197(47.82)

128(47.41)

69(48.59)

History of diabetes

190(46.12)

144(53.33)

46(32.39)

(χ² = 16.42; P = 0.00)

Duration of diabetes in years

8.93 ± 6.51

8.20 ± 5.79

10.32 ± 7.52

(t = −3.17; P = 0.002)

Diabetes complications

2.39 ± 1.90

2.06 ± 1.58

3.01 ± 2.28

(t = −4.98; P = 0.00)

Oral agents

227(55.10)

148(55.64)

79(54.11)

(χ² = 0.137; P = 0.76)

Insulin

185(44.90)

118(44.36)

67(45.89)

Behavior factors

Smoking currently

112(27.18)

80(29.63)

32(22.54)

(χ² = 2.37; P = 0.12)

Drinking currently

198(48.06)

143(52.96)

55(38.73)

(χ² = 7.55; P = 0.006)

Excise times per week

1.67 ± 2.78

2.00 ± 2.79

1.04 ± 2.67

(t = 3.35; P = 0.00)

Sleeping hours per day

5.95 ± 2.82

6.38 ± 1.22

5.13 ± 4.39

(t = 4.38; P = 0.00)