Table 2 Clinical characteristics in the GDM and control groups

Age at follow-up, years

35.8 ± 4.4

35.9 ± 4.6

NS

Family history of

- Coronary heart disease, n (%)

20 (16.7%)

23 (19.2%)

NS

- Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

15 (12.5%)

5 (4.2%)

0.033

- Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

32 (26.7%)

27 (22.5%)

NS

Diagnosed disorder, n (%)

52 (43.3%)

45 (37.5%)

NS

- Hypertension, n (%)

3 (2.5%)

5 (4.2%)

NS

- Type 1 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

2 (1.7%)

0 (0%)

NS

- Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

1 (0.8%)

0 (0%)

NS

- Polycystic ovary syndrome, n (%)

8 (6.7%)

1 (0.8%)

0.036

Permanent medication for any chronic disease, n (%)

43 (35.8%)

35 (29.2%)

NS

Contraception, n (%)

99 (82.5%)

92 (76.7%)

NS

Smoking status

0.018

- Current, n (%)

24 (20.0%)

12 (10%)

- Former, n (%)

45 (37.5%)

37 (30.8%)

- Never, n (%)

51 (42.5%)

71 (59.2%)

BMI, kg/m2

28.3 ± 5.0

27.5 ± 5.4

NS (0.069)

Waist circumference, cm

96.8 ± 13.0

92.5 ± 12.6

0.009

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

122.4 ± 12.5

119.0 ± 11.5

0.034

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

73.5 ± 9.0

71.8 ± 8.7

NS

Heart rate, beats per minute

65.9 ± 9.1

63.8 ± 9.6

0.017

MetS, n (%)

19 (15.8%)

8 (6.7%)

0.039

- Waist circumference > 88 cm, n (%)

89 (74.2%)

73 (60.8%)

0.038

- Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, n (%)

35 (29.2%)

25 (20.8%)

NS

- HDL cholesterol < 1.30 mmol/L, n (%)

23 (19.2%)

22 (18.3%)

NS

- Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, n (%)

12 (10.0%)

5 (4.2%)

NS (0.084)

- Glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L or diabetes, n (%)

18 (15.0%)

4 (3.3%)

0.002