Table 2 Longitudinal studies of the association of POP with diabetes risk
From: Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Reference | Location | Population/setting | Mean Age (year) | Diagnostic criteria of diabetes | Confounders | Number of participants | Number of diabetic participants | Proportion of men | Duration of follow-up (years) | Compounds measured | Compounds with statistical significant difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCBs | Dioxins | OC pesticides | Others | |||||||||||
[15] | USA | Michigan PBB cohort | ≥ 20 | Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, anti-diabetic medication | Age, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol consumption | 1384 | 180 | 49.7 | 25 | PBB, PCB | PCB in women Incidence Density Ratio [IDR = 2.33; (95% CI 1.25– 4.34)] |  |  |  |
[17] | USA | Veterans of Operation Ranch Hand |  | medical diagnosis or 2-hour postprandial glucose ≥200 mg/dL | BMI, smoking history, family history of diabetes | 3049 | 439 men | 100 | 10 | TCDD |  | TCDDRR = 1.32, p = 0.04 |  |  |
[10] | Sweden | WHILA cohort (1995 – 2000) | 54.5 | Baseline OGTT | Age, calendar year, BMI, heredity, country of birth, education, smoking, alcohol intake, hormone Replacement therapy, physical activity | 742 | 371 women | 0.0 | 10 | PCB-153, p,p ′ -DDE | CB-153 OR = 1.6 (95% 0.61-4.0) |  | p,p ′ -DDE OR = 5.5 (95% CI 1.2-25) |  |
[12] | USA | Cross-section of Great Lakes sport fish consumers (1992, follow-up 2004 – 2005) | 50.5 | Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, | Age, BMI, sex, serum lipids, smoking, alcohol use, all fish meals in the last year | 471 | 36 | 59.2 | 10 | PCB 74, 99, 118, 146, 180, 194, 201, 206, 132/153, 138/163, 170/190, 182/187, 196/20, DDE |  |  | DDE RR = 2.01 (95% CI 1.20–3.66) |  |
[31] | USA | CARDIA cohort study (1985 – 1986; follow up: 1987 – 2006) | 24 | Use of glucose-lowering medications | Age, sex, BMI, race | 180 | 90 | 38.4 | 18 | OC pesticides (9), PCBs (35), PBDEs (1), PBB (1) | Highly chlorinated PCBs OR = 2.8 (95% CI1.1–7.0) |  | Trans Nonachlor OR = 4.8 (95% CI1.7–13.7) | PBB-153 OR = 3.0 (95% CI1.1–8.1) |
[11] | Sweden | General population of Uppsala | 70 | fasting blood glucose ≥6.2 mmol/L or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents | sex, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and total lipids | 725 | 36 | 48.3 | 5 | PCB74, 99,105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 157, 170, 180, 189, 194, 206, 209, p,p’- DDE, Trans –nonachlor, Hexa-chloro benzene, brominated diphenyl ether 47, dioxin | PCB74, 99,105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 157, 170, 180, 189, 194, 206, 209 OR = 7.5 (95% CI1.4 – 38.8) |  | DDE, Trans nonachlor and Hexa-chloro benzene, OR = 3.4 (95% CI1.0 – 11.7) |  |
[14] | USA | Nurses’ Health Study. | 42.5 | Self-reported diagnosed diabetes, and/or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL | Age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity and family history of diabetes | 1,095 women | 48 | 0.0 | 18 | PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB |  |  | HCB OR = 3.59 (95% CI 1.49-8.64) |  |