Table 1 Cross sectional studies of the association of POP with diabetes risk

[20]

Sweden

Fishermen and their wives from the Swedish east coast

66.5

Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes

Age, sex, BMI

380

22

51.6

PCB-153,p,p ′ -DDE

PCB-153 OR = 1.16, 95% CI (1.03-1.32)

p,p'-DDE OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01- 1.09).

[8]

USA

NHANES (1999 – 2002)

≥20

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl, Non-fasting glucose ≥200 mg/dl, Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes

Age, sex, BMI, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio, WC

2,016

217

NA

PCB-153, HpCDD, OCDD, oxychlordane, DDE, trans-nonachlor

PCB-153 OR = 6.8, 95% CI (3.0–15.5)

HpCDD OR = 2.7, 95% CI (1.3–5.5)

Oxychlordane OR = 6.5 (2.0–21.4) DDE OR = 4.3, 95% CI (1.8–10.2);trans- nonachlor OR = 11.8, 95%CI (4.4–31.3)

[9]

USA

Mohawk adults (one adult/ household)

57.5

FPG >125 mg/dl, Taking prescribed glucose-lowering medication

Age, sex, BMI, serum lipid levels, smoking history

352

71

38.1

Total PCB, PCB-153, PCB-74, DDE, HCB, mirex ,

Total PCB, OR = 3.9,95% CI (1.5–10.6). PCB-153 OR = 3.2, 95% CI (1.3–8.2) PCB-74 OR = 4.9, 95% CI (1.7–13.7)

DDE, OR = 6.4, 95%CI (2.2–18.4) HCB OR = 6.2, 95%CI (2.3–16.9)

[21]

USA

NHANES (1982– 1984), Hispanic Americans

47

Self-reported physician diagnosed diabetes

Age, sex, BMI, place of birth, education, poverty index

1,303

89

40.5

p,p ′ -DDT, p,p ′ -DDE, dieldrin, oxychlordane, β -HCH, HCB, trans-nonachlor

p,p ′ -DDT (OR = 2.3,95% CI(1.1–5.0) , p,p ′ -DDE, OR = 2.63, 95% CI (1.2–5.8) β -HCH, OR = 2.7, 95% CI (0.9–8.2), oxy chlordane OR = 3.3, 95% CI (1.2–8.7) trans nonachlor OR = 3.4, 95% CI (1.4–7.9)

Lee et al. [61]

USA

NHANES (1999 – 2002)

≥20

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl, non-fasting glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl, Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes

Age, sex, BMI, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio, WC

1,721

179

NA

PCDDs (3), PCDFs (3), dioxin-like PCBs (4), nondioxin-like PCBs (5),OC pesticides (4)

Dioxin-like PCBs OR = 15.7, 95% CI (3.4–71.2)

Oxychlordane, OR = 4.6, 95% CI (2.0–10.4),trans nonachlor, β –HCH Or = 7.0, 95% CI (2.7–18.1); DDT OR = 2.9, 95% CI (1.5–5.6),

[23]

Sweden

Swedish fishermen’s wives

44

Self-reported diabetes

Age and BMI

544 women

16

0.0

CB-153 and p,p-DDE

CB-153; OR = 1.6, 95% CI (1. 0–2. 7) and p,p-DDE OR = 1.3, 95% CI (1. 1–1.6)

[7]

USA

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004

69

Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dl non-fasting plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl , taking insulin or an oral agent.

Age, sex, race, poverty income ratio, and BMI

1,367

156

47.3

PBB-153 PBDE-28 PBDE-47 PBDE-99 PBDE-100 PBDE-153

PBB-153 OR = 1.9, 95% CI (0.9–4.0)

[26]

Japan

Survey (2002 – 2006)

44

Self-reported physician diagnosed diabetes, non-diagnosed participants with plasma HbA 1c >6.1%

age, gender, log (BMI), smoking habit, regional block, residential area, and survey year

1374

65

45.6

7 PCDDs, 10 PCDFs, 12 dioxin-like PCBs

12 dioxin-like PCBs OR = 6.82, 95% CI (2.59–20.1)

7 PCDDs,10 PCDFs OR = 2.21, 95% CI (1.02–5.04),

[30]

Taiwan

Yu Cheng cohort (1993 – 2003)

55.5

Self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes

age, BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake

748

144

41.0

Total PCB

Total PCB in women [OR 2.1,95% CI (1.1– 4.5)

[62]

South Korea

Community-based health survey

55.6

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, taking antidiabetic medication

age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking.

80

40

52.5

β-hexachlorocyclohexane, HCB, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, and mirex

p,p′-DDE OR = 12.7, 95% CI (1.9–83.7),p,p′-DDT OR = 10.6, (1.3–84.9), o,p′-DDT OR = 12.3, 95% CI (1.3–113.2);oxychlordane, OR = 26.0, 95% CI (1.3–517.4); trans-nonachlor OR = 8.1, 95% CI (1.2–53.5) and heptachlor epoxide OR = 3.1, 95% CI (0.8–12.1)

[19]

Slovakia

heavily polluted Slovakian district of Michalovce and two reference districts (Svidnik and Stropkov)

48

FPG >7.0 mmol/l (all participants) and 2 h glucose >11.1 mmol/l (OGTT, 60% of participants)

Age, sex, BMI

2,047

296

40.8

PCBs (15), p,p ′ -DDE, p,p ′ -DDT, HCB, β -HCH

Total PCBs OR = 2.74,95% CI (1.92 – 3.90)

p,p ′ -DDE, OR = 1.86,95% CI (1.17 – 2.95);p,p ′ -DDT OR = 2.48,95% CI (1.77–3.48)

[24]

Finland

Helsinki Birth Cohort Study representing a general adult urban Finnish population

63.5

fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L or on anti-diabetic medication.

Sex, age, WC and mean arterial pressure

1,988

308

46.3

oxy-chlordane, trans nonachlor, p,p’ -DDE, PCB 153, BDE 47, and BDE153

PCB 153 OR = 1.64 (0.92 – 2.93) P = 0.050

Oxy chlordane OR = 2.08, 95% CI (1.18 – 3.69); trans nonachlor OR = 2.24, 95% CI (1.25 – 4.03); DDE OR = 1.75, 95% CI (0.96 – 3.19)

[25]

Japan

Participants in the Saku Control Obesity Program.

52

HbA1c level ≥ 6.9% ,taking medication for diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or a history of doctor-diagnosed diabetes

Sex, age, BMI and total lipids.

117

32

50.4

PCB 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 163/164, 170, 180 and 182/187

PCB 146, OR = 2.46, 95% CI (1.09-5.59) PCB 180 OR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.10-1.76)

[34]

Denmark

The Gentofte population and Odense population

52.2

FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/liter on two occasions, absence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies, and no need for insulin therapy

Age, sex, and percent body fat, study site

148

31

64.3

HCB, HCH, p’p’-DDE, op’-DDE, p’p’-DDT, PCB-105, 118 and 156, PCB-101, 138, 153 and 180

PCB-105 OR = 3.8, 95% CI (3.0–4.9) PCB 118 OR = 14.2, 95% CI (10.2–21.0)

organochlorine HCB, OR = 28.0, 95% CI (20.0–39.7);p’,p’-DDE OR = 139.4,95% CI (73.6–288.4)

[63]

Spain

Participants of the Catalan Health Interview Survey (CHIS)

46

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, reported physician diagnosed diabetes and current use of insulin or antidiabetic medication

age, sex, and BMI,total cholesterol and triglycerides

886

143

42.9

op-‘-DDT, p,p ′ -DDT, o,p′ -DDE, p,p ′ -DDE, o,p′ -DDD, p,p ′ -DDD; PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180, PeCB, HCB, α –HCH, β -HCH, γ -HCH, and δ -HCH

Non dioxin like PCBs (PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180,) OR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.2 − 2.7)

op-‘-DDT, o,p ′ -DDE, o,p ′ -DDD, p,p ′ -DDD; HCB, α –HCH,, γ -HCH, and δ –HCH OR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.0 − 3.2)

[6]

USA

Employed at the La Salle Electrical Utilities Company in illinios and local residents not previously employed

57

self-reported diagnosed diabetes, and/or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL

age, BMI, alcohol use, smoking, high blood pressure, total lipids, medication use

63

7

100

6 dioxin-like PCBs and 33 non dioxin like PCBs

All PCBs OR = 3.0, 95% CI (1.3-7.2)

[18]

USA

Anniston, Alabama general population

55.5

fasting glucose values > 125 mg/dL, self-reported or physician diagnosed diabetes

Age, sex, race/ ethnicity, or BMI

774

207

30.0

35 PCB ortho-substituted congeners, DDE

All PCBs 2.78,95% CI(1.00-7.73)

DDE OR = 1.22, 95% CI(0.85-1.46)

[64]

Spain

San Cecilio University Hospital in thecity of Granada and Santa Ana Hospital in the town of Motril

55

self-reported information and clinical records showing a fasting glucose level Z 126 mg/dL in the routine analyses

Adipose tissue origin , sex, age, and BMI

386

34

51.0

PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180, HCB, b-HCH, p,p’-DDE,

p,p‘-DDE OR = 4.4, 95% CI (1.0–21.0)

[65]

Canada

Wapekeka and Kasabonika two of the five Shibogama communities in northern Ontario

44.5

resting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/L and/or a post-prandial level (2 hours after glucose ingestion) > 11.0 mmol/L

Age, BMI and smoking status

72

26

43.1

Aroclor 1260, PCB28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 118, 128, 138,153, 156, 163, 170, 180,183,187,aldrin, − αchlordane, β-chlordane, − β-HCH, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, DDE, DDT, HCB,mirex, oxychlordane, PBB153, PBDE47, 99, 100,153, Parlar26, and Parlar50.

PCB28, 52, 99, 101, 118, 128, 138, 153, 156, 163, 170, 180, 183,187,

Trans nonachlor, DDE, oxychlordane, all p < 0.05

[66]

South Korea

NA

NA

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, reported history of physician-diagnosed diabetes

age , sex, alcohol consumption , cigarette smoking and BMI

50

25

48.0

14 OC pesticides, 22 PCB congeners

DDTs in VAT, OR = 9.0,95% CI(1.3–62.9)

South Korea

Community-based health survey

55.6

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, taking antidiabetic medication

age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking.

80

40

52.5

β-hexachlorocyclohexane, HCB, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, and mirex

p,p′-DDE OR = 12.7, 95% CI (1.9–83.7);p,p′-DDT OR = 10.6, 95% CI (1.3–84.9);o,p′-DDT OR = 12.3, 95% CI (1.3–113.2);oxychlordane, OR = 26.0, 95% CI (1.3–517.4); trans-nonachlor OR = 8.1, 95% CI (1.2–53.5) and heptachlor epoxide OR = 3.1, 95% CI (0.8–12.1)