Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to groups

Age, years old, median (range)

58 (36–80)

58 (38–75)

0.197

Male sex, n (%)

110 (86.6%)

74 (86.0%)

0.906

Hypertension, n (%)

61 (48.0%)

57 (66.3%)

0.009

Smoking, n (%)

0.298

  Current or ex-smoker

82 (64.6%)

61 (70.9%)

  Unknown

11 (8.7%)

3 (3.5%)

Exercise, n (%)

0.402

  Regular exercise

21 (16.5%)

20 (23.3%)

  Unknown

35 (27.6%)

19 (22.1%)

Body mass index, kg/m², median (range)

24.1 (18.5-29.6)

26.2 (19.2-36.5)

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm, median (range)

87.5 (69.5-107)

92 (72.5-115)

<0.001

Metabolic syndrome, n (%)

45 (36.6%)

59 (68.6%)

<0.001

HbA1c, %, median (range)

6.60 (5.8-10.2)

6.8 (5.7-10.6)

0.166

HbA1c ≥ 7%, n (%)

45 (35.4%)

37 (43.0%)

0.264

Fasting glucose, mg/dL, median (range)

130 (84–252)

138 (84–307)

0.013

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median (range)

117.5 (58–268)

125.5 (51–220)

0.453

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median (range)

50 (29–89)

48 (32–67)

<0.001

Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (range)

92 (30–529)

135.5 (41–450)

<0.001

ALT, IU/L, median (range)

22 (8–64)

33 (11–161)

<0.001

AST, IU/L, median (range)

24 (11–112)

26.5 (13–202)

0.062

GGT, IU/L, median (range)

28.0 (8–266)

38.0 (12–243)

0.016

Uric acid, median (range)

5.7 (3–9.6)

5.8 (3.1-8.7)

0.253

CACS, median (range)

11.3 (0–2443.7)

44.2 (0–1891.7)

0.577