Table 2 Pairwise comparisons of metabolically healthy and metabolically abnormal participants with body mass index categories

Prevalence, n (%)

968 (60.0)

22 (1.4)

406 (25.2)

26 (1.6)

163 (10.1)

27 (1.7)

<0.001

-

-

<0.001

Men

426 (54.3)

8 (36.4)

0.073

161 (39.7)

17 (65.4)

0.009

39 (23.9)

10 (37.0)

0.116

<0.001

<0.001

0.054

0.002

0.541

0.244

Age (years)

40.9 (12.9)

54.2 (10.8)

<0.001

39.4 (9.1)

43.9 (10.2)

0.016

41.7 (9.3)

46.1 (9.4)

0.024

0.922

0.641

0.010

0.014

0.650

0.004

Systolic blood pressure

114 (16)

146 (33)

<0.001

118 (18)

141 (17)

<0.001

122 (17)

143 (23)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.643

0.082

0.421

0.049

Diastolic blood pressure

72 (11)

83 (15)

<0.001

77 (13)

93 (17)

<0.001

80 (12)

94 (17)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.032

0.477

0.004

0.060

Body mass index

21.7 (2.0)

21.5 (2.3)

0.729

27.0 (1.3)

27.2 (1.3)

0.525

33.0 (3.1)

34.3 (4.8)

0.066

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.044

<0.001

0.021

Waist circumference

78 (7)

81 (6)

0.049

86 (7)

90 (6)

0.009

95 (9)

100 (9)

0.004

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.513

<0.001

<0.001

Waist-hip-ratio

0.86 (0.12)

0.89 (0.04)

0.166

0.83 (0.09)

0.87 (0.05)

0.039

0.83 (0.10)

0.86 (0.09)

0.200

<0.001

<0.001

0.051

0.934

0.006

0.004

Fasting blood glucose

4.0 (0.6)

7.6 (8.3)

<0.001

4.2 (0.8)

6.3 (4.9)

<0.001

4.1 (0.6)

5.7 (4.6)

<0.001

0.008

0.008

0.304

<0.001

0.003

<0.001

2h glucose

4.9 (1.1)

12.4 (11.1)

<0.001

4.9 (1.0)

9.6 (6.7)

<0.001

5.0 (1.0)

7.9 (2.8)

<0.001

0.006

0.134

0.048

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Triglycerides

0.51 (0.27)

0.55 (0.18)

0.408

0.54 (0.32)

1.06 (1.04)

<0.001

0.58 (0.23)

0.72 (0.25)

0.004

<0.001

0.001

0.430

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

Total cholesterol

2.9 (0.8)

2.9 (0.9)

0.885

3.5 (0.9)

3.3 (0.8)

0.428

3.8 (0.9)

3.9 (0.7)

0.501

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.568

0.407

0.109

Total energy

3857 (1579)

3704 (1449)

0.652

3574 (1408)

3380 (1029)

0.492

3435 (1396)

3438 (1185)

0.993

<0.001

<0.001

0.473

0.895

0.431

0.505

Fasting insulin

2.9 [1.8-4.6]

2.9 [2.1-11.9]

0.915

4.8 [3.3-6.7]

7.2 [6.0-13.9]

<0.001

.0 [4.0-11.4]

15.2 [9.6-18.0]

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.161

0.057

0.439

Fasting c-peptide

0.24 [0.17-0.34]

0.29 [0.22-0.68]

0.320

0.32 [0.22-0.44]

0.44 [0.32-0.62

0.001

0.37 [0.27-0.48]

0.71 [0.56-0.92]

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.001

0.012

0.027

0.194

HOMA_IR

0.52 [0.32-0.83]

1.22 [0.32-3.32]

0.024

0.88 [0.59-1.30]

2.28 [1.28-2.71]

<0.001

1.11 [0.75-1.62]

3.12 [2.48-3.90]

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.118

0.027

0.222

Education (secondary or more)

497 (53.8)

5 (27.8)

0.025

301 (75.1)

21 (80.8)

0.349

128 (80.0)

22 (84.6)

0.403

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.090

0.262

0.423

Low socio-economic status

723 (74.9)

19 (86.4)

0.164

208 (51.4)

7 (26.9)

0.013

77 (47.2)

11 (40.7)

0.339

<0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.063

0.869

<0.001

Heavy drinker

141 (14.7)

7 (31.8)

0.036

40 (9.9)

2 (7.7)

0.525

11 (6.7)

3 (11.1)

0.318

<0.001

0.001

0.062

0.354

0.805

0.142

Smoking

0.556

0.632

0.036

0.520

0.197

0.314

0.200

0.279

0.439

Never

816 (84.6)

17 (77.3)

337 (83.2)

23 (88.5)

142 (87.1)

18 (66.7)

Ex-smoker

40 (4.1)

2 (9.1)

35 (8.6)

1 (3.8)

10 (6.1)

3 (11.1)

Current smokers

109 (11.3)

3 (13.6)

33 (8.1)

2 (7.7)

11 (6.7)

6 (22.2)

Strenuous physical activity

475 (49.1)

21 (54.5)

0.385

168 (41.4)

9 (34.6)

0.321

65 (39.9)

11 (40.7)

0.546

0.002

0.003

0.367

0.697

0.827

0.678

Any Diabetes

19 (2.0)

13 (68.4)

<0.001

4 (1.0)

13 (50.0)

<0.001

0

15 (55.6)

<0.001

0.007

0.032

0.445

0.996

0.041

0.020

Any hypertension

34 (3.5)

10 (45.5)

<0.001

36 (8.9)

11 (42.3)

<0.001

26 (16.0)

11 (40.7)

0.005

<0.001

<0..001

0.744

0.015

0.378

0.036