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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects by glucose tolerance and MS status

From: Metabolic syndrome as an indicator of high cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: Analyses based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008

 

NFG

IFG

DM

 

MS (-) n = 3,071

MS (+) n = 321

p

MS (-) n = 413

MS (+) n = 399

p

MS (-) n = 34

MS (+) n = 76

p

Age (yrs)

42.1 ± 14.6

50.5 ± 15.5

<0.001

49.4 ± 14.4

50.9 ± 13.0

0.129

51.6 ± 12.7

50.0 ± 13.2

0.536

Sex (M/F, n)

1188/1883

159/162

<0.001

213/200

226/173

0.147

23/11

42/34

0.222

BMI (kg/m2)

22.6 ± 2.9

26.3 ± 3.1

<0.001

23.1 ± 2.9

25.9 ± 3.2

<0.001

23.5 ± 3.3

26.1 ± 3.7

0.001

Smoking (n,%)

         

 No smoker

2353 (76.6)

241 (75.1)

0.535

316 (76.5)

270 (67.7)

0.005

24 (70.6)

50 (65.8)

0.620

 Current smoker

718 (23.4)

80 (24.9)

 

97 (23.5)

129 (32.3)

 

10 (29.4)

26 (34.2)

 

Alcohol (n,%)

         

 No drinker

1,292 (42.1)

158 (49.2)

0.014

161 (39.0)

153 (38.3)

0.852

13 (38.2)

29 (38.2)

0.994

 Regular drinker

1,779 (57.9)

163 (50.8)

 

252 (61.0)

246 (61.7)

 

21 (61.8)

47(61.8)

 

Locationa (n,%)

         

 Urban area

2,007 (65.4)

189 (58.9)

0.021

263 (63.7)

254 (63.7)

0.995

22 (64.7)

45 (59.2)

0.585

 Rural area

1,064 (34.6)

132 (41.1)

 

150 (36.3)

145 (36.3)

 

12 (35.3)

31 (40.8)

 

Household incomeb (n,%)

         

 1st quartile (lowest)

425 (13.8)

78 (24.3)

<0.001

69 (16.7)

64 (16.0)

0.672

9 (26.5)

18 (23.7)

0.522

 2nd quartile

773 (25.2)

77 (24.0)

 

117 (28.3)

100 (25.1)

 

7 (20.6)

21 (27.6)

 

 3rd quartile

900 (29.3)

82 (25.5)

 

117 (28.3)

125 (31.3)

 

6 (17.6)

19 (25.0)

 

 4th quartile (highest)

973 (31.7)

84 (26.2)

 

110 (26.6)

110 (27.6)

 

12 (35.3)

18 (23.7)

 

Education (n,%)

         

 Elementary school or lower

499 (16.2)

105 (32.7)

<0.001

102 (24.7)

127 (31.8)

0.109

13 (38.2)

25 (32.9)

0.686

 Middle school

281 (9.2)

38 (11.8)

 

50 (12.1)

52 (13.0)

 

1 (2.9)

6 (7.9)

 

 High school

1,216 (39.6)

102 (31.8)

 

163 (39.5)

136 (34.1)

 

9 (26.5)

24 (31.6)

 

 College or higher

1,075 (35.0)

76 (23.7)

 

98 (23.7)

84 (21.1)

 

11 (32.4)

21 (27.6)

 

Occupationc (n,%)

         

 Group 1

429 (14.0)

40 (12.5)

0.214

42 (10.2)

44 (11.0)

0.783

3 (8.8)

11 (14.5)

0.577

 Group 2

269 (8.8)

25 (7.8)

 

29 (7.0)

29 (7.3)

 

2 (5.9)

5 (6.6)

 

 Group 3

398 (13.0)

57 (17.8)

 

52 (12.6)

52 (13.0)

 

6 (17.6)

14 (18.4)

 

 Group 4

266 (8.7)

21 (6.5)

 

43 (10.4)

50 (12.5)

 

6 (17.6)

9 (11.8)

 

 Group 5

295 (9.6)

36 (11.2)

 

62 (15.0)

68 (17.0)

 

8 (23.5)

11 (14.5)

 

 Group 6

259 (8.4)

27 (8.4)

 

53 (12.8)

42 (10.5)

 

4 (11.8)

5 (6.6)

 

 Group 7

1,155 (37.6)

115 (35.8)

 

132 (32.0)

114 (28.6)

 

5 (14.7)

21 (27.6)

 

Physical activityd (n,%)

         

 None

1,270(41.4)

153 (47.7)

0.148

172 (41.6)

166 (41.6)

0.098

12 (35.3)

31 (40.8)

0.771

 Mild

959 (31.2)

92 (28.7)

 

117 (28.3)

105 (26.3)

 

11 (32.4)

19 (25.0)

 

 Moderate

297 (9.7)

30 (9.3)

 

37 (9.0)

50 (12.5)

 

6 (17.6)

11 (14.5)

 

 Vigorous

545 (17.7)

46 (14.3)

 

87 (21.1)

78 (19.5)

 

5 (14.7)

15 (19.7)

 

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

180.9 ± 32.8

202.8 ± 33.9

<0.001

193.7 ± 33.6

201.2 ± 35.8

0.002

206.8 ± 43.1

204.1 ± 35.2

0.732

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

103.9 ± 77.6

251.3 ± 192.9

<0.001

105.7 ± 62.0

217.8 ± 156.2

<0.001

114.1 ± 64.3

256.5 ± 177.5

<0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

50.2 ± 10.6

38.9 ± 5.8

<0.001

51.8 ± 10.0

41.4 ± 8.6

<0.001

51.8 ± 10.0

40.8 ± 7.6

<0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

110.0 ± 29.9

113.6 ± 44.2

0.145

120.7 ± 31.3

116.2 ± 40.3

0.080

132.2 ± 34.4

112.1 ± 38.5

0.010

Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

130.7 ± 32.6

163.9 ± 33.0

<0.001

141.8 ± 32.6

159.8 ± 34.4

<0.001

155.0 ± 40.7

163.4 ± 34.4

0.269

Non-HDL/HDL ratio

2.7 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.0

<0.001

2.8 ± 0.8

4.0 ± 1.1

<0.001

3.1 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 1.1

<0.001

BUN (mg/dL)

13.7 ± 3.9

14.4 ± 3.9

0.003

15.2 ± 4.6

14.8 ± 3.8

0.143

16.3 ± 4.2

14.9 ± 4.2

0.092

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.89 ± 0.18

0.95 ± 0.21

<0.001

0.92 ± 0.19

0.93 ± 0.20

0.394

0.89 ± 0.18

0.93 ± 0.24

0.440

AST (IU/L)

20.2 ± 13.1

23.4 ± 11.4

<0.001

22.8 ± 25.2

24.4 ± 11.2

0.234

26.2 ± 21.4

31.7 ± 34.3

0.394

ALT (IU/L)

18.6 ± 14.8

27.4 ± 21.4

<0.001

22.5 ± 43.3

28.7 ± 18.9

0.008

25.9 ± 16.9

34.1 ± 26.7

0.055

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

88.7 ± 6.0

91.6 ± 5.1

<0.001

105.9 ± 5.9

107.3 ± 6.5

0.001

160.8 ± 43.4

167.0 ± 45.2

0.505

Fasting serum insulin

8.50 ± 3.28

11.53 ± 7.42

<0.001

9.52 ± 5.13

11.99 ± 7.24

<0.001

11.80 ± 9.01

12.92 ± 8.52

0.533

HOMA2%B (%)

104.4 ± 28.7

118.6 ± 40.5

<0.001

78.2 ± 25.5

88.7 ± 31.7

<0.001

45.0 ± 26.9

47.8 ± 31.0

0.641

HOMA2%S (%)

102.7 ± 35.2

79.2 ± 28.7

<0.001

91.9 ± 34.2

77.0 ± 32.7

<0.001

84.2 ± 43.6

68.9 ± 34.0

0.076

  1. by independent t-test or chi-square test, mean ± S.D. or n (%).
  2. aThe 16 residential areas of the KNHANES were classified into two groups: urban areas, including metropolitan cities such as Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan, as well as metropolitan areas such as Gyeonggi province; rural areas, comprising Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju provinces. bHousehold income was assigned to a category according to the following quartiles: 1st quartile (<bottom 25%), 2nd quartile (25-49%), 3rd quartile (50-75%) and 4th quartile (>top 25%). cOccupation group referred to the KSCO-6 classification. Group 1 indicates managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals; group 2, clerical support workers; group 3, service and sales workers; group 4, skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers; group 5, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators, and assemblers; group 6, elementary occupations; group 7, housewife, student, and unemployed. dPhysical activity of the subjects was categorized according to their participation in recreational physical activity during the week prior to the survey: none, no or minimal activity; mild, >30 minutes of walking more than 5 days per week; moderate, >30 minutes of physical activity in which the subject was tired or breathing slightly hard compared to normal more than 5 days per week; vigorous, >20 min of vigorous physical activity in which the subject was exhausted or breathing hard compared to normal more than 3 days per week. MS indicates Metabolic syndrome; NFG, normal fasting glucose; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2%B, updated homeostasis model assessment for β-cell insulin secretion; HOMA2%S, updated homeostasis model assessment for insulin sensitivity.
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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