Parameters | All (n = 188) | Non-smokers (n = 139) | Current smokers (n = 49) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 65.0 ± 7.5 | 65.9 ± 7.4 | 62.4 ± 7.3 | <0.01** |
Gender, men/women | 114/74 | 71/68 | 43/6 | <0.01** |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 4.3 | 25.6 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 0.59 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 134 (71%) | 93 (67%) | 41 (84%) | 0.03* |
Glucose, mg/dL | 137 ± 47 | 138 ± 49 | 135 ± 40 | 0.64 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 7.2 ± 0.9 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 0.03* |
Insulin therapy, n (%) | 55 (29%) | 41 (29%) | 14 (29%) | 0.90 |
Retinopathy, n (%) | 78 (41%) | 56 (40%) | 22 (45%) | 0.57 |
Neuropathy, n (%) | 107 (57%) | 73 (53%) | 34 (69%) | 0.04* |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 76 (40%) | 53 (38%) | 23 (47%) | 0.28 |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 92 ± 28 | 92 ± 27 | 91 ± 33 | 0.87 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 61 ± 16 | 63 ± 16 | 56 ± 16 | <0.01** |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 107 (73-148) | 101 (67-148) | 121 (84-153) | 0.05 |
Statin therapy, n (%) | 83 (44%) | 63 (45%) | 20 (41%) | 0.59 |
AA, μg/mL | 173 (143-210) | 170 (141-207) | 180 (150-232) | 0.31 |
DHA, μg/mL | 128 (109-176) | 129 (111-176) | 128 (98-177) | 0.15 |
DHA/AA ratio | 0.78 (0.60-1.04) | 0.81 (0.62-1.07) | 0.71 (0.55-1.00) | 0.06 |
EPA, μg/mL | 61 (42-101) | 62 (43-109) | 56 (34-92) | 0.06 |
EPA/AA ratio | 0.37 (0.23-0.63) | 0.39 (0.24-0.65) | 0.29 (0.18-0.46) | <0.01** |