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Table 1 Clinical characteristics

From: Eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio and smoking status in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Parameters

All (n = 188)

Non-smokers (n = 139)

Current smokers (n = 49)

P

Age, years

65.0 ± 7.5

65.9 ± 7.4

62.4 ± 7.3

<0.01**

Gender, men/women

114/74

71/68

43/6

<0.01**

Body mass index, kg/m2

25.5 ± 4.3

25.6 ± 4.4

25.2 ± 3.8

0.59

Hypertension, n (%)

134 (71%)

93 (67%)

41 (84%)

0.03*

Glucose, mg/dL

137 ± 47

138 ± 49

135 ± 40

0.64

Hemoglobin A1c, %

7.3 ± 0.9

7.2 ± 0.9

7.6 ± 1.0

0.03*

Insulin therapy, n (%)

55 (29%)

41 (29%)

14 (29%)

0.90

Retinopathy, n (%)

78 (41%)

56 (40%)

22 (45%)

0.57

Neuropathy, n (%)

107 (57%)

73 (53%)

34 (69%)

0.04*

Nephropathy, n (%)

76 (40%)

53 (38%)

23 (47%)

0.28

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

92 ± 28

92 ± 27

91 ± 33

0.87

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

61 ± 16

63 ± 16

56 ± 16

<0.01**

Triglycerides, mg/dL

107 (73-148)

101 (67-148)

121 (84-153)

0.05

Statin therapy, n (%)

83 (44%)

63 (45%)

20 (41%)

0.59

AA, μg/mL

173 (143-210)

170 (141-207)

180 (150-232)

0.31

DHA, μg/mL

128 (109-176)

129 (111-176)

128 (98-177)

0.15

DHA/AA ratio

0.78 (0.60-1.04)

0.81 (0.62-1.07)

0.71 (0.55-1.00)

0.06

EPA, μg/mL

61 (42-101)

62 (43-109)

56 (34-92)

0.06

EPA/AA ratio

0.37 (0.23-0.63)

0.39 (0.24-0.65)

0.29 (0.18-0.46)

<0.01**

  1. LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, AA: arachidonic acid, EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.
  2. Data are the means ± standard deviations, medians (interquartile ranges) or numbers (%).
  3. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01: comparison between current smokers and non-smokers (t-test or Chi-square test).