Acanthosis nigricans in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, correlates and potential as a simple clinical screening tool - a cross-sectional study in the Caribbean

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics independently associated with presence of Acanthosis Nigricans (AN)

Characteristic			OR^*	(95% CI^†)	p value^‡
Age (years) ^§			0.94	(0.91, 0.97)	<0.001
Sex ^§		Males	1
		Females	2.33	(1.27, 4.27)	0.006
Ethnicity ^¶	x Normal BMI ^**	East Indian	1
		African	1.70	(0.54, 5.33)	0.363
		Mixed	0.68	(0.18, 2.53)	0.570
	x Overweight ^**	East Indian	1
		African	0.11	(0.03, 0.41)	0.001
		Mixed	0.44	(0.10, 1.83)	0.258
	x Obese ^**	East Indian	1
		African	0.08	(0.01, 0.45)	0.004
		Mixed	0.14	(0.02, 0.79)	0.027
Body Mass Index (BMI) ^¶	x East Indian	Normal BMI ^**	1
		Overweight ^**	5.51	(2.34, 12.98)	<0.001
		Obese ^**	12.27	(2.79, 53.97)	0.001
	x African	Normal BMI ^**	1
		Overweight ^**	0.35	(0.08, 1.64)	0.183
		Obese ^**	0.59	(0.11, 3.12)	0.534
	x Mixed Ethnicity	Normal BMI ^**	1
		Overweight ^**	3.51	(0.60, 20.45)	0.162
		Obese ^**	2.44	(0.37, 16.06)	0.352
Waist Circumference (cm) ^§			1.03	(1.00, 1.07)	0.060

^*OR: Odds Ratio of AN adjusted for other variables in the model including age, sex, ethnicity, BMI and waist circumference; ^†CI: Confidence Interval for adjusted OR; ^‡p value from Wald test. ^§Parameter estimates from final multivariable model ^¶Parameter estimates from final model refitted with BMI as categorical, to illustrate the interaction between BMI and ethnicity. ^**Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²): Underweight: <18.50; Normal: 18.50-24.99; Overweight: 25.00-29.99; Obese ≥30.00 [16].

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