|
Characteristic
|
Subgroup
|
Overall frequency of characteristic
|
Prevalence of AN in subgroup
|
Age*-, sex- & ethnicity-adjusted
| |
|---|
| | |
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
OR (95% CI)†
|
p value‡
|
|---|
|
Age (years)†
|
25 - 39
|
28
|
(9.0)
|
21
|
(75.0)
|
5.84
|
(2.11, 16.18)
| |
| |
40 - 49
|
42
|
(13.5)
|
30
|
(71.4)
|
4.87
|
(2.04, 11.60)
| |
| |
50 - 59
|
94
|
(30.2)
|
56
|
(59.6)
|
2.87
|
(1.44, 5.72)
| |
| |
60 - 69
|
91
|
(29.3)
|
38
|
(41.8)
|
1.40
|
(0.70, 2.79)
| |
| |
≥70
|
56
|
(18.0)
|
19
|
(33.9)
|
1
| |
<0.001
|
| |
All [mean(SD)]
|
[58.1
|
(12.6)]
| | | | | |
|
Sex†
|
Males
|
138
|
(44.4)
|
63
|
(45.7)
|
1
| | |
| |
Females
|
173
|
(55.6)
|
101
|
(58.4)
|
1.67
|
(1.06, 2.62)
|
0.026
|
|
Ethnicity†
|
East Indian
|
190
|
(61.1)
|
115
|
(60.5)
|
1
| | |
| |
African
|
76
|
(24.4)
|
31
|
(40.8)
|
0.45
|
(0.26, 0.77)
| |
| |
Mixed
|
45
|
(14.5)
|
18
|
(40.0)
|
0.43
|
(0.22, 0.84)
|
0.003
|
|
Body Mass Index
|
Underweight
|
6
|
(2.2)
|
0
|
(0.0)
| | | |
|
(kg/m2)§, ¶
|
Normal
|
106
|
(38.5)
|
32
|
(30.2)
|
1
| | |
| |
Overweight
|
94
|
(34.2)
|
58
|
(61.7)
|
3.98
|
(2.10, 7.55)
| |
| |
Obese
|
69
|
(25.1)
|
53
|
(76.8)
|
8.31
|
(3.84, 18.00)
|
<0.001
|
| |
All [mean(SD)]
|
27.3
|
(6.0)
| | | | | |
|
Waist Circumference
|
Normal
|
148
|
(50.5)
|
54
|
(36.5)
| | | |
|
(cm)§, **
|
Central obesity
|
145
|
(49.5)
|
99
|
(68.3)
|
4.72
|
(2.65, 8.43)
|
<0.001
|
| |
All [mean(SD)]
|
96.7
|
(14.2)
| | | | | |
|
Hypertension
|
No
|
104
|
(33.4)
|
49
|
(47.1)
|
1
| | |
| |
Yes
|
207
|
(66.6)
|
115
|
(55.6)
|
2.19
|
(1.27, 3.79)
|
0.004
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
No
|
121
|
(38.9)
|
56
|
(46.3)
|
1
| | |
| |
Yes
|
190
|
(61.1)
|
108
|
(56.8)
|
1.72
|
(1.02, 2.90)
|
0.040
|
|
Family history of T2DM§
|
No
|
54
|
(17.4)
|
22
|
(40.7)
|
1
| | |
| |
Yes
|
256
|
(82.6)
|
141
|
(55.1)
|
1.3
|
(0.68, 2.48)
|
0.420
|
|
CVA or MI
|
No
|
233
|
(74.9)
|
122
|
(52.4)
|
1
| | |
| |
Yes
|
78
|
(25.1)
|
42
|
(53.8)
|
1.26
|
(0.72, 2.22)
|
0.413
|
|
Diabetes Treatment
|
Oral
|
192
|
(61.7)
|
101
|
(52.6)
| | | |
| |
Oral & Insulin
|
28
|
(9.0)
|
11
|
(39.3)
|
0.63
|
(0.26, 1.54)
| |
| |
Insulin
|
91
|
(29.3)
|
52
|
(57.1)
|
1.14
|
(0.67, 1.96)
|
0.467
|
|
RBG (mg/dL)§
|
All [med(IQR)]
|
[145
|
(84)]
| | |
1.00
|
(0.998, 1.004)
|
0.584
|
|
Duration of T2DM (yrs)§
|
All [med(IQR)]
|
[10
|
(16)]
| | |
1.00
|
(0.98, 1.03)
|
0.847
|
|
Overall
| |
311
|
(100)
|
164
|
(52.7)
| | | |
- Abbreviations: AN Acanthosis Nigricans, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, SD Standard Deviation, BMI Body Mass Index, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, CVA Cerebrovascular accident, MI Myocardial Infarction, RBG Random Blood Glucose, med median, IQR Inter-quartile range. *age adjusted for as a continuous variable; †Odds Ratios for variables age, sex and ethnicity are univariable analyses; ‡p value for age-, sex- and ethnicity-adjusted association with AN from likelihood ratio test; §36, 18, 1, 14, 1 missing observations for BMI, waist circumference, family history of T2DM, RBS and duration of T2DM respectively. No missing observations for other variables. ¶ BMI (kg/m2): Underweight: <18.50; Normal: 18.50-24.99; Overweight: 25.00-29.99; Obese ≥30.00 [16]. **Central Obesity: waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women [17].
