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Table 1 Acanthosis Nigricans (AN): prevalence, and age-, sex- and ethnicity-adjusted associations with demographic and clinical characteristics

From: Acanthosis nigricans in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, correlates and potential as a simple clinical screening tool - a cross-sectional study in the Caribbean

Characteristic

Subgroup

Overall frequency of characteristic

Prevalence of AN in subgroup

Age*-, sex- & ethnicity-adjusted

 
  

N

(%)

N

(%)

OR (95% CI)

p value

Age (years)

25 - 39

28

(9.0)

21

(75.0)

5.84

(2.11, 16.18)

 
 

40 - 49

42

(13.5)

30

(71.4)

4.87

(2.04, 11.60)

 
 

50 - 59

94

(30.2)

56

(59.6)

2.87

(1.44, 5.72)

 
 

60 - 69

91

(29.3)

38

(41.8)

1.40

(0.70, 2.79)

 
 

≥70

56

(18.0)

19

(33.9)

1

 

<0.001

 

All [mean(SD)]

[58.1

(12.6)]

     

Sex

Males

138

(44.4)

63

(45.7)

1

  
 

Females

173

(55.6)

101

(58.4)

1.67

(1.06, 2.62)

0.026

Ethnicity

East Indian

190

(61.1)

115

(60.5)

1

  
 

African

76

(24.4)

31

(40.8)

0.45

(0.26, 0.77)

 
 

Mixed

45

(14.5)

18

(40.0)

0.43

(0.22, 0.84)

0.003

Body Mass Index

Underweight

6

(2.2)

0

(0.0)

   

(kg/m2)§, ¶

Normal

106

(38.5)

32

(30.2)

1

  
 

Overweight

94

(34.2)

58

(61.7)

3.98

(2.10, 7.55)

 
 

Obese

69

(25.1)

53

(76.8)

8.31

(3.84, 18.00)

<0.001

 

All [mean(SD)]

27.3

(6.0)

     

Waist Circumference

Normal

148

(50.5)

54

(36.5)

   

(cm)§, **

Central obesity

145

(49.5)

99

(68.3)

4.72

(2.65, 8.43)

<0.001

 

All [mean(SD)]

96.7

(14.2)

     

Hypertension

No

104

(33.4)

49

(47.1)

1

  
 

Yes

207

(66.6)

115

(55.6)

2.19

(1.27, 3.79)

0.004

Hypercholesterolemia

No

121

(38.9)

56

(46.3)

1

  
 

Yes

190

(61.1)

108

(56.8)

1.72

(1.02, 2.90)

0.040

Family history of T2DM§

No

54

(17.4)

22

(40.7)

1

  
 

Yes

256

(82.6)

141

(55.1)

1.3

(0.68, 2.48)

0.420

CVA or MI

No

233

(74.9)

122

(52.4)

1

  
 

Yes

78

(25.1)

42

(53.8)

1.26

(0.72, 2.22)

0.413

Diabetes Treatment

Oral

192

(61.7)

101

(52.6)

   
 

Oral & Insulin

28

(9.0)

11

(39.3)

0.63

(0.26, 1.54)

 
 

Insulin

91

(29.3)

52

(57.1)

1.14

(0.67, 1.96)

0.467

RBG (mg/dL)§

All [med(IQR)]

[145

(84)]

  

1.00

(0.998, 1.004)

0.584

Duration of T2DM (yrs)§

All [med(IQR)]

[10

(16)]

  

1.00

(0.98, 1.03)

0.847

Overall

 

311

(100)

164

(52.7)

   
  1. Abbreviations: AN Acanthosis Nigricans, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, SD Standard Deviation, BMI Body Mass Index, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, CVA Cerebrovascular accident, MI Myocardial Infarction, RBG Random Blood Glucose, med median, IQR Inter-quartile range. *age adjusted for as a continuous variable; Odds Ratios for variables age, sex and ethnicity are univariable analyses; p value for age-, sex- and ethnicity-adjusted association with AN from likelihood ratio test; §36, 18, 1, 14, 1 missing observations for BMI, waist circumference, family history of T2DM, RBS and duration of T2DM respectively. No missing observations for other variables. BMI (kg/m2): Underweight: <18.50; Normal: 18.50-24.99; Overweight: 25.00-29.99; Obese ≥30.00 [16]. **Central Obesity: waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women [17].