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Table 1 Acanthosis Nigricans (AN): prevalence, and age-, sex- and ethnicity-adjusted associations with demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Subgroup | Overall frequency of characteristic | Prevalence of AN in subgroup | Age*-, sex- & ethnicity-adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | N | (%) | OR (95% CI)† | p value‡ | |||
| Age (years)† | 25 - 39 | 28 | (9.0) | 21 | (75.0) | 5.84 | (2.11, 16.18) | |
| 40 - 49 | 42 | (13.5) | 30 | (71.4) | 4.87 | (2.04, 11.60) | ||
| 50 - 59 | 94 | (30.2) | 56 | (59.6) | 2.87 | (1.44, 5.72) | ||
| 60 - 69 | 91 | (29.3) | 38 | (41.8) | 1.40 | (0.70, 2.79) | ||
| ≥70 | 56 | (18.0) | 19 | (33.9) | 1 | <0.001 | ||
| All [mean(SD)] | [58.1 | (12.6)] | ||||||
| Sex† | Males | 138 | (44.4) | 63 | (45.7) | 1 | ||
| Females | 173 | (55.6) | 101 | (58.4) | 1.67 | (1.06, 2.62) | 0.026 | |
| Ethnicity† | East Indian | 190 | (61.1) | 115 | (60.5) | 1 | ||
| African | 76 | (24.4) | 31 | (40.8) | 0.45 | (0.26, 0.77) | ||
| Mixed | 45 | (14.5) | 18 | (40.0) | 0.43 | (0.22, 0.84) | 0.003 | |
| Body Mass Index | Underweight | 6 | (2.2) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| (kg/m2)§, ¶ | Normal | 106 | (38.5) | 32 | (30.2) | 1 | ||
| Overweight | 94 | (34.2) | 58 | (61.7) | 3.98 | (2.10, 7.55) | ||
| Obese | 69 | (25.1) | 53 | (76.8) | 8.31 | (3.84, 18.00) | <0.001 | |
| All [mean(SD)] | 27.3 | (6.0) | ||||||
| Waist Circumference | Normal | 148 | (50.5) | 54 | (36.5) | |||
| (cm)§, ** | Central obesity | 145 | (49.5) | 99 | (68.3) | 4.72 | (2.65, 8.43) | <0.001 |
| All [mean(SD)] | 96.7 | (14.2) | ||||||
| Hypertension | No | 104 | (33.4) | 49 | (47.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 207 | (66.6) | 115 | (55.6) | 2.19 | (1.27, 3.79) | 0.004 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | No | 121 | (38.9) | 56 | (46.3) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 190 | (61.1) | 108 | (56.8) | 1.72 | (1.02, 2.90) | 0.040 | |
| Family history of T2DM§ | No | 54 | (17.4) | 22 | (40.7) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 256 | (82.6) | 141 | (55.1) | 1.3 | (0.68, 2.48) | 0.420 | |
| CVA or MI | No | 233 | (74.9) | 122 | (52.4) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 78 | (25.1) | 42 | (53.8) | 1.26 | (0.72, 2.22) | 0.413 | |
| Diabetes Treatment | Oral | 192 | (61.7) | 101 | (52.6) | |||
| Oral & Insulin | 28 | (9.0) | 11 | (39.3) | 0.63 | (0.26, 1.54) | ||
| Insulin | 91 | (29.3) | 52 | (57.1) | 1.14 | (0.67, 1.96) | 0.467 | |
| RBG (mg/dL)§ | All [med(IQR)] | [145 | (84)] | 1.00 | (0.998, 1.004) | 0.584 | ||
| Duration of T2DM (yrs)§ | All [med(IQR)] | [10 | (16)] | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 0.847 | ||
| Overall | 311 | (100) | 164 | (52.7) | ||||
