Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Analytic Sample

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m²)

35.4 ± 8.5

29.4 ± 6.3

<0.01

BMI category (%)

<0.01

 18.5–24.9 kg/m²

7.4

24.1

 25.0–29.9 kg/m²

20.5

36.1

 30.0–34.9 kg/m²

26.3

23.3

 35.0–39.9 kg/m²

20.6

10.0

 40+ kg/m²

25.3

6.5

Age (mean ± SD)

55 ± 15.9

56 ± 18.2

<0.01

Age group (%)

<0.01

 18.5–24.9

25.0

27.6

 25.0–29.9

45.2

34.2

 30.0–34.9

17.5

20.8

 35.0–39.9

10.3

13.7

 40+

2.0

3.7

Male (%)

42.9

44.6

<0.01

Race (%)

<0.01

 White

97.1

97.5

 Black

1.8

1.3

 Other/unknown

1.1

1.2

Index year (%)

<0.01

 2005

8.8

10.0

 2006

13.0

10.9

 2007

15.3

12.2

 2008

15.5

14.1

 2009

18.9

16.2

 2010

16.4

18.8

 2011

12.0

17.8

Smoking status (%)

<0.01

 Never smoke

49.0

48.0

 Former smoker

29.8

22.6

 Current smoker

17.8

15.4

 Other/unknown

3.4

14.0

Employment status (%)

<0.01

 Full Time

37.1

32.4

 Not employed

22.2

15.5

 Other/unknown

40.8

52.1

Payer status (%)

<0.01

 Commercial

78.9

72.4

 Medicare

12.8

14.1

 Medicaid

4.6

3.1

 Other/unknown

3.6

10.4

Covered by Geisinger Health Plan (%)

49.7

43.8

<0.01

Any cardiac comorbidities (%)

85.3

63.1

<0.01

Hyperinflammatory state (%)

6.3

2.1

<0.01

Depression (%)

8.2

4.1

<0.01

Psychiatric drugs (%)

14.7

7.7

<0.01

Antidepressants/anxiolytics (%)

36.5

22.4

<0.01

Anti-obesity drugs (%)

0.4

0.1

<0.01

Beta blockers (%)

32.3

21.4

<0.01

Antihyperlipidemia drugs (%)

36.7

23.1

<0.01

Antihypertensives (%)

35.2

21.1

<0.01

Any outpatient encounters (%)

95.8

88.3

<0.01

Any inpatient encounters (%)

16.6

7.9

<0.01

Any emergency department encounters (%)

14.3

8.8

<0.01

Total encounter costs ($,mean ± SD)

6,324 ± 17,253

2,640 ± 7,606

<0.01