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Table 1 Characteristics of the 565 male and 628 female offspring who had information about either parent’s metabolic syndrome status in the Framingham Heart Study (N = 1193)

From: Parent-offspring association of metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study

 

Male (n = 565)

Female (n = 628)

P valuea

Age

52.57 (8.86)

53.33 (9.60)

0.537

Education status, %

  

<0.001

High school

34.3

38.4

College

39.5

47.5

More than college

26.2

14.1

Number of years of school completed

14.35 (2.24)

13.91 (2.02)

<0.01

Income Level, %

  

<0.001

< $20,000,

11.1

63.2

$20,000- $44,000,

63.4

34.7

$45,000 or higher

25.5

2.1

Smoked cigarettes regularly last year, %b

17.0

9.0

0.219

Alcohol consumption, %c

76.9%

66.5%

<0.001

Physical activity Scored

36.19 (7.51)

33.81 (4.61)

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

40.58 (4.43)

37.64 (5.78)

<0.001

Serum triglyceride level (mmol/l)

1.54 (0.63)

1.42 (0.41)

<0.05

Serum HDL-C level (mmol/l)

1.19 (0.33)

1.51 (0.40)

<0.001

Resting systolic blood pressure

125.74 (17.41)

124.89 (20.52)

0.468

Resting diastolic blood pressure

75.81 (9.66)

72.58 (9.92)

<0.001

Fasting blood glucose level

5.99 (1.58)

5.47 (1.14)

<0.001

Abdominal obesity%e

49.4

66.4

<0.001

High Triglyceride%f

54.3

43.2

<0.001

Low HLD-C%g

47.4

41.4

<0.05

Elevated blood Pressure%h

65.3

57.8

<0.01

Impaired fasting glucose%i

32.0

16.2

<0.001

Metabolic syndrome%j

43.0

35.5

<0.01

  1. Data presented as mean (SD) or percentage of subjects.
  2. aIndependent t test or Chi-square test.
  3. bSmokers if they had smoked regularly in the previous year.
  4. cAlcohol use was dichotomized on the basis of consumption of at least one drink per week.
  5. dCalculated based on the average daily number of hours of sleep and sedentary, slight, moderate, and heavy activity of the participant
  6. ewaist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women
  7. ffasting plasma triglyceride concentration ≥ 1.7 mmol/l or on drug treatment
  8. gHDL cholesterol levels (<1.03 mmol/l for men and < 1.3 mmol/l in women or on drug treatment.
  9. hBlood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 85 mm Hg diastolic or on drug treatment.
  10. ifasting glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l or on drug treatment.
  11. jMetabolic Syndrome defined as having at least three of the following five components: (1) abdominal obesity or large waist circumference (>102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women); (2) high triglyceride levels (fasting plasma triglyceride concentration ≥ 1.7 mmol/l or on drug treatment); (3) low HDL cholesterol levels (<1.03 mmol/l for men and < 1.3 mmol/l in women or on drug treatment); (4) elevated blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 85 mm Hg diastolic or on drug treatment); or, (5) IFG or impaired fasting glucose (≥6.1 mmol/l or on drug treatment).