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Table 1 Mean (Ā± standard deviation) of dietary, physical activity and clinical data of participants at baseline and after intervention

From: Realistic changes in monounsaturated fatty acids and soluble fibers are able to improve glucose metabolism

Ā 

Baseline

After intervention

P-value

ā€¢ Daily habits variables

Ā Ā Ā 

Energy (kJ and kcal/day)

7,626ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2,842 (1,822ā€‰Ā±ā€‰679)

6,455ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2,294 (1,542ā€‰Ā±ā€‰548)

<0.001

Carbohydrate (% E)

51.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.9

49.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.7

0.036

Added sugar (g)

36.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.3

28.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.8

<0.001

Protein (% E)

17.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.5

19.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.1

<0.001

Total fat (% E)

31.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.5

31.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.6

0.847

Saturated fatty acids (% E)

9.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.9

9.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.7

0.658

Monounsaturated fatty acids (% E)

10.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.6

10.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.7

0.951

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (% E)

8.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.1

8.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.0

0.724

Trans fatty acids (g)

3.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.3

2.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.2

<0.001

Soluble fibers/1,000Ā kcal (g)*

2.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.3

2.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.6

0.099

Unsoluble fibers/1,000Ā kcal (g)*

6.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.8

6.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.7

0.222

Leisure physical activity (min/week)*

36.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰66.3

46.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰82.0

0.466

ā€¢ Clinical variables

Ā Ā Ā 

Body weight (kg)

78.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.8

77.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.9

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

101.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.0

98.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.3

<0.001

Mean blood pressure (mmHg)

109.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.6

95.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.1

<0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

98.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.5

95.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.1

0.029

2-h plasma glucose (mg/dL)

117.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰27.7

113.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰30.5

0.111

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

157.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰67.2

149.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰81.3

0.191

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

130.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰40.5

121.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰40.0

0.023

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

42.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.5

49.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.6

<0.001

HOMA-IR*

2.49ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.81

1.66ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.91

<0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/dL)*

0.34ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.24

0.04ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.05

<0.001

Tumor necrosis factor-Ī± (pg/dL)*

12.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.3

10.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.8

<0.001

  1. Student t test; *Wilcoxon test.
  2. E, total energy intake.
  3. Individuals who were diagnosed with diabetes during the intervention period were excluded from this analysis.