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Table 5 Estimates of intervention effect size and total amount of residual heterogeneity ( Ï„ 2 ) from final mixed-effect models

From: Effects of diet and exercise interventions on diabetes risk factors in adults without diabetes: meta-analyses of controlled trials

Risk factor1

Overall effect size

Effect size change for intervention attributes and other factors

Residual heterogeneity

Estimate ± SE

P- value

Explanatory Variables2

Estimate ± SE3

P-value

Ï„2

P-value

FI (mU/L)

-2.56 ± 0.58

<0.001

Presence of IGT, IR or MetS

-1.20 ± 0.69

0.082

1.523 ± 0.773

<0.001

   

Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)

-0.68 ± 0.26

0.009

  
   

Incorporation of resistance training

1.72 ± 0.81

0.034

  

FG (mmol/L)

-0.18 ± 0.04

<0.001

Presence of IGT, IR or MetS

-0.08 ± 0.05

0.098

0.010 ± 0.004

<0.001

   

After a follow-up period

0.13 ± 0.06

0.034

  

SBP (mm Hg)

-2.77 ± 0.56

<0.001

Presence of IGT, IR or MetS

-3.23 ± 1.00

0.001

2.796 ± 1.419

<0.001

   

Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)

-0.64 ± 0.23

0.006

  
   

Length of intervention (months)

0.13 ± 0.03

<0.001

  

HDL (mmol/L)

-0.015 ± 0.015

0.305

Age at baseline (years)

-0.006 ± 0.002

0.021

0.005 ± 0.002

<0.001

   

Fraction of women participants

-0.086 ± 0.046

0.065

  

TAG (mmol/L)

-0.258 ± 0.037

<0.001

Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)

-0.061 ± 0.017

<0.001

0.029 ± 0.009

<0.001

   

Baseline TAG (mmol/L)

-0.243 ± 0.076

0.001

  

BMI (kg/m2)

-1.61 ± 0.13

<0.001

Calorie restriction (100 kcal/d)

-0.22 ± 0.08

0.003

0.353 ± 0.125

<0.001

   

Fat intake restriction (% Energy)

-0.10 ± 0.03

0.003

  
   

Exercise session duration (10 min)

-0.24 ± 0.12

0.055

  
   

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

-0.07 ± 0.04

0.095

  
  1. 1FI: Fasting insulin, FG: Fasting glucose, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, HDL: High density lipoprotein, TAG: Triacylglyceride, BMI: Body mass index.
  2. 2IGT = Impaired glucose tolerance, IR = Insulin resistance and MetS = Metabolic syndrome.
  3. 3Standard error of the estimate.