Effects of diet and exercise interventions on diabetes risk factors in adults without diabetes: meta-analyses of controlled trials

Table 4 Heterogeneity ( τ ² ) of lifestyle intervention effects and statistical significance of funnel plot asymmetry from random-effect models

Risk factor¹	Number of studies included	N²	Heterogeneity²			Funnel plot asymmetry ( P-value)³
Risk factor¹	Number of studies included	N²	I²(%)²	τ ²	P-value	Funnel plot asymmetry ( P-value)³
FI (mU/L)	18	1756	99.5	3.762 ± 1.511	<0.001	0.519
FG (mmol/L)	24	3897	99.4	0.013 ± 0.005	<0.001	0.774
SBP (mm Hg)	23	3443	99.4	7.474 ± 2.894	<0.001	0.771
HDL (mmol/L)	30	4218	99.8	0.007 ± 0.002	<0.001	0.577
TAG (mmol/L)	29	3908	99.8	0.050 ± 0.015	<0.001	0.855
BMI (kg/m²)	29	4160	99.8	0.881 ± 0.256	<0.001	0.587

¹FI: Fasting insulin, FG: Fasting glucose, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, HDL: High density lipoprotein, TAG: Triacylglyceride, BMI: Body mass index.
²total number of participants, who concluded the interventions.
²I² = heterogeneity (τ²) expressed as a percentage of total variance (τ² + sample error).
³From Egger’s regression test.

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