Effects of diet and exercise interventions on diabetes risk factors in adults without diabetes: meta-analyses of controlled trials

Table 3 Summary statistics for variables across the 34 studies included in the meta-analyses

Variable	Mean ± SD¹	Minimum	Maximum
Energy and macronutrient intake at baseline
Calorie intake, kcal/d	2100 ± 260	1583	2900
Carbohydrate, %E	46.6 ± 5.0	36.5	58.5
Protein, %E	17.2 ± 2.6	12.3	25
Fat, %E	34.7 ± 3.3	27.5	43.5
Saturated fat, %E	12.9 ± 1.8	9	16.6
Energy and macronutrient intake changes of intervention participants ²
Calorie intake, kcal/d	-273 ± 169	-828	49.5
Carbohydrate, %E	2.9 ± 5.7	-14	11
Protein, %E	3.3 ± 5.6	-3.8	21.3
Fat, %E	-6.3 ± 3.8	-16.5	0.4
Saturated fat, %E	-2.9 ± 2.0	-8	0.0
Exercise intervention
Number of sessions per week	4 ± 1.0	2	7
Session length (minutes)	41 ± 13	20	75
Risk factor level measurements at baseline
FI	14.9 ± 5.4	3.0	24.1
FG	5.55 ± 0.4	4.83	6.20
SBP	128 ± 10	110	143
HDL	1.25 ± 0.2	0.89	1.74
TAG	1.76 ± 0.9	0.85	5.84
BMI	30.2 ± 3.3	25.0	36.0
Age at baseline, years	49 ± 7	35	60
Fraction of women participants	0.59 ± 0.3	0	1
Duration of intervention (months)³	14 ± 3.5	2	60

¹SD, Standard deviation.
²Change from baseline compared to that of control participants.
³Duration from baseline to the risk factor level measurements used in the analyses.

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