Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral artery disease

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients and the presence of peripheral arterial disease

	With PAD	Without PAD	P
n	24	43	-
Systolic ankle-brachial BP index	0.77 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.07	-
Age (years)	65.8 ± 6.8	63.2 ± 8.3	0.189*
Male	12 (50%)	16 (37%)	0.309δ
DM duration (years)	20.2 ± 7.1	15.2 ± 7.9	0.008*
Smoking	7 (29%)	10 (23%)	0.632^δ
Body mass index (kg/m²)	30.1 ± 4.6	29.7 ± 4.8	0.773*
Waist-to- hip-ratio	0.98 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.08	0.059*
Diabetes treatment
Oral agents	6 (25%)	20 (46%)	0.083^δ
Insulin (with or without oral agents)	18 (75%)	23 (53%)	0.083δ
Insulin dose (U/day)	46.9 ± 19.8	46.2 ± 18.9	0.645*
Hypertension	23 (95%)	33 (76%)	0.043^δ
Hypertension treatment
ACE inhibitors	4 (16%)	14 (32%)	0.224^δ
Diuretics	5 (21%)	12 (28%)	0.682^δ
Calcium channel blockers	10 (42%)	14 (32%	0.498^δ
Beta blockers	5 (21%)	4 (9%)	0.229^δ
Peripheral neuropathy	17 (70%)	16 (37%)	0.011^δ
Autonomic neuropathy	20 (83%)	28 (65%)	0.113^δ
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)	210.2 ± 70.5	176.3 ± 70.3	0.063*
HbA1C test (%)	7.9 ± 1.7	6.7 ± 1.6	0.010*
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	222.6 ± 50.9	214.6 ± 45.2	0.511*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	46.2 ± 26.9	45.6 ± 10	0.896*
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	164.5 (812)	134 (400)	0.097^#
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	1.1 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.9	0.858*
24-h UAE (μg/min)	90.3 (5560)	8.7 (2345)	0.000^#

Data expressed as mean ± SD, median (range), or number of patients with the characteristic (%); PAD = peripheral arterial disease: BP = blood pressure.
Autonomic neuropathy: defined according to conventional autonomic cardiovascular function tests: two out five abnormal tests [8]. ^*Student’s t-test; ^# Mann-Whitney’s U test; δ Chi-square test.

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