Table 3 Analysis of factors associated with anxiety and depression among the study participants
Variables | n | HAD-A ≥ 8 score | p-value | OR # (95% CI) | HAD-D ≥ 8 score | p-value | OR # (CI 95%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Marital status | |||||||
Non-married | 42 | 24 (57.1) | 0.320 | 1.0 | 13 (31.0) | 0.611 | 1.0 |
Married | 96 | 46 (47.9) | 0.69 (0.33 to 1.43) | 34 (35.4) | 1.22 (0.56 to 2.66) | ||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | |||||||
No | 90 | 43 (47.8) | 0.344 | 1.0 | 32 (35.6) | 0.611 | 1.0 |
Yes | 48 | 27 (56.3) | 1.41 (0.69 to 2.84) | 15 (31.3) | 0.82 (0.39 to 1.74) | ||
Use of anxiolytics | |||||||
No | 123 | 61 (49.6) | 0.290 | 1.0 | 40 (32.5) | 0.192 | 1.0 |
Yes | 15 | 9 (60.0) | 1.86 (0.59 to 5.86) | 7 (46.7) | 2.10 (0.69 to 6.39) | ||
Use of antihypertensives | 64 | 33 (51.6) | 0.855 | 1.0 | 18 (28.1) | 0.173 | 1.0 |
No | 74 | 37 (50.0) | 0.94 (0.48 to 1.83) | 29 (39.2) | 1.65 (0.8 to 3.37) | ||
Yes | |||||||
Treatment of T2D* | |||||||
With insulin | 63 | 28 (44.4) | 0.973 | 1.0 | 23 (36.5) | 0.609 | 1.0 |
Without insulin | 29 | 13 (44.8) | 1.02 (0.42 to 2.46) | 9 (31.0) | 0.78 (0.31 to 2.0) | ||
Smoking family history | |||||||
Non-smoking parents | 33 | 12 (36.4) | 0.062 | 1.0 | 11 (33.3) | 0.920 | 1.0 |
Mother, Father, or both smoked | 105 | 58 (55.2) | 2.16 (0.96 to 4.84) | 36 (34.3) | 1.04 (0.46 to 2.39) | ||
Smoking habit | |||||||
Non-smokers | 46 | 18 (39.1) | 0.056 | 1.0 | 18 (39.1) | 0.375 | 1.0 |
Smokers | 92 | 52 (56.5) | 2.02 (0.98 to 4.16) | 29 (31.5) | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.50) | ||
Nicotine dependence** | |||||||
Low or medium | 57 | 33 (57.9) | 0.735 | 1.0 | 16 (28.1) | 0.364 | 1.0 |
High (FTND score ≥ 6) | 35 | 19 (54.3) | 0.86 (0.37 to 2.02) | 13 (37.1) | 1.51 (0.62 to 3.71) | ||
Alcohol consumption: | |||||||
No or ≤ monthly | 106 | 60 (56.6) | 0.014 | 1.0 | 39 (36.8) | 0.221 | 1.0 |
Daily or weekly | 32 | 10 (31.2) | 0.35 (0.15 to 0.81) | 8 (25.0) | 0.57 (0.23 to 1.40) | ||
Length of schooling: | |||||||
< 8 years | 82 | 45 (54.9) | 0.239 | 1.0 | 24 (29.3) | 0.152 | 1.0 |
≥ 8 years | 56 | 25 (44.6) | 0.66 (0.33 to 1.31) | 23 (41.1) | 1.68 (0.82 to 3.44) | ||
Gender: | |||||||
Male | 69 | 22 (31.9) | < 0.001 | 1.0 | 16 (23.2) | 0.008 | 1.0 |
Female | 69 | 48 (69.6) | 4.88 (2.38 to 10.04) | 31 (44.9) | 2.70 (1.30 to 5.63) | ||
Physical Activity | |||||||
No or ≤ 1x/week | 80 | 45 (56.2) | 0.129 | 1.0 | 25 (31.2) | 0.414 | 1.0 |
From 2 to 5x/week | 58 | 25 (43.1) | 0.59 (0.30 to 1.17) | 22 (37.9) | 1.34 (0.66 to 2.74) |