Difference between the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-diabetic smokers and in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nicotine dependence

Table 1 Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in diabetic smokers (DS), diabetic non-smokers (D), and non-diabetic smokers (S)

HAD scale	DS (n = 46)	D (n = 46)	S (n = 46)	p-value
HAD-A score (average ± SD)	7.98 ± 4.07	7.37 ± 5.14	8.80 ± 4.58	0.330 *
HAD-A score ≥ 8 (n/%)	23 (50.0%)	18 (39.1%)	29 (63.0%)	0.072 ^#
· Men	9 (19.6%)	2 (4.3%)	11 (23.9%)	0.011 ^#
· Women	14 (30.4%)	16 (34.8%)	18 (39.1%)	0.440 ^#
HAD-D score (average ± SD)	6.17 ± 3.58	6.74 ± 4.60	5.74 ± 4.18	0.516 *
HAD-D score ≥ 8 (n/%)	14 (30.4%)	18 (39.1%)	15 (32.6%)	0.657 ^#
· Men	5 (10.9%)	6 (13%)	5 (10.9%)	0.922 ^#
· Women	9 (19.5%)	12 (26.1%)	10 (21.7%)	0.664 ^#