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Table 1 Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in diabetic smokers (DS), diabetic non-smokers (D), and non-diabetic smokers (S)

From: Difference between the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-diabetic smokers and in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nicotine dependence

HAD scale

DS (n = 46)

D (n = 46)

S (n = 46)

p-value

HAD-A score (average ± SD)

7.98 ± 4.07

7.37 ± 5.14

8.80 ± 4.58

0.330 *

HAD-A score ≥ 8 (n/%)

23 (50.0%)

18 (39.1%)

29 (63.0%)

0.072 #

 · Men

9 (19.6%)

2 (4.3%)

11 (23.9%)

0.011 #

 · Women

14 (30.4%)

16 (34.8%)

18 (39.1%)

0.440 #

HAD-D score (average ± SD)

6.17 ± 3.58

6.74 ± 4.60

5.74 ± 4.18

0.516 *

HAD-D score ≥ 8 (n/%)

14 (30.4%)

18 (39.1%)

15 (32.6%)

0.657 #

 · Men

5 (10.9%)

6 (13%)

5 (10.9%)

0.922 #

 · Women

9 (19.5%)

12 (26.1%)

10 (21.7%)

0.664 #

  1. *Analysis of variance; # chi-squared test.