From: Predictors for diabetic retinopathy in normoalbuminuric people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Clinical characteristics | No DR (n = 246) | DR (n = 64) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 53 ± 13 | 61 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 114 (46.3) | 43 (67.2) | 0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 0.022 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127 ± 14 | 132 ± 17 | 0.018 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 ± 10 | 77 ± 9 | 0.836 |
Duration of diabetes, months | 17 (1–75) | 117 (60–191) | < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.797 |
Estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 99 ± 25 | 89 ± 22 | 0.003 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.9 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.111 |
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 187 ± 42 | 174 ± 44 | 0.049 |
Serum triglyceride, mg/dL | 167 ± 119 | 181 ± 132 | 0.411 |
Serum HDL, mg/dL | 51 ± 14 | 48 ± 17 | 0.076 |
Serum uric acid, mg/dL | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 0.550 |
Urinary albumin excretion, μg/min | 5.92 ± 3.50 | 8.97 ± 5.07 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c | 9.2 ± 2.5 | 9.1 ± 1.9 | 0.741 |
HOMA-IR | 3.4 ± 4.6 | 4.0 ± 4.3 | 0.347 |
Lipoprotein (a), (IU/L) | 135 (46–341) | 171 (42–387) | 0.496 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.2 (0.1-0.9) | 0.2 (0.1-0.7) | 0.854 |
Use of RAS inhibitors, n (%) | 68 (27.6) | 33 (51.6) | < 0.001 |